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Current status, prevention and control of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China ZHENG Zhangqi, LIN Qihan, DU Shanshan, HUANG Xiaoxia, LI Jiandong Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (3): 129-132.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.03.001 Abstract （421）   HTML （30）    PDF （966KB）（360）       Knowledge map    Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a statutory infectious disease of Class B, which has been widely prevalent in China and is posing a serious threat to the public health. For many years, under the leadership of the government and joint efforts of multiple sections to fully implement comprehensive prevention and control measures, HFRS has been effectively controlled, and the overall incidence has entered a period of fluctuations at low-level. However, the affected areas have continued to expand, and new foci of virus transmission are still emerging and the number of cases has been significantly increasing in some areas in certain years. This brings a new challenge to the prevention and control of HFRS. Further consolidating the achievements of prevention and control, reducing the incidence and mortality of HFRS still remain one of the most pressing challenges to be addressed by the current public health system. In order to provide references for the prevention and control of HFRS in China under the new situation, we attempt in this article to conduct a systematical analysis of the pathogenic characteristics, current epidemic situation as well as the strategies and measures for the prevention and control of HFRS in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological characteristics of imported dengue fever in China from 2005 to 2023 YUE Yujuan, LUN Xinchang, DONG Chaoliang Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (4): 198-203.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.04.002 Abstract （347）   HTML （36）    PDF （6509KB）（479）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of imported dengue fever cases in China for scientific evidences to plan prevention and control measures for this infection. Methods Imported dengue fever cases in China from 2005 to 2023 were collected from the Information System for Disease Prevention and Control in China. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the temporal, spatial and demographic characteristics of imported cases. Software R was used to draw the hotspot chart and Sankey map. Results From 2005 to 2023, a total of 14 376 imported dengue fever cases were reported nationwide. The overall numbers of cases showed a rapid upward trend (except for 2020-2022). The trend in the number of affected counties (cities/districts) was basically consistent with that in the number of cases. The imported cases were generally distributed in 1 454 counties (cities/districts) of 293 cities in 30 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government). The provinces with a higher number of imported cases included Yunnan (5 778 cases, 40.19%), Guangdong (2 634 cases, 18.32%), Fujian (1 165 cases, 8.10%), Zhejiang (1 105 cases, 7.69%), Sichuan (469 cases, 3.26%) and Hunan (457 cases, 3.18%). The infections were mainly imported from Myanmar (5 260 cases, 36.59%), Cambodia (3 830 cases, 26.64%), Thailand (996 cases, 6.93%), Philippines (615 cases, 4.28%), Malaysia (552 cases, 3.84%), Laos (527 cases, 3.67%), Indonesia (428 cases, 2.98%) and Vietnam (416 cases, 2.89%). The imported cases pictured seasonally, and were concentrated in summer and autumn, waved between June and November nationwide. The peak period of imported cases was from August to November in Yunnan Province, and from June to October in Guangdong, Fujian, and Zhejiang provinces. The ratio of Chinese and foreign cases was 4.23∶1. The male to female ratio of the cases was 2.01∶1. The age of the victims was mainly in 21-50 years (10 967 cases, 76.29%). The main occupations of the patients were farmers/migrant workers (4 268 cases, 29.69%), commercial services staff (2 667 cases, 18.55%) and housework & unemployment (1 894 cases, 13.71%). Conclusion Imported dengue fever in China presented seasonal characteristics, mainly from Myanmar and Cambodia and imported into Yunnan and Guangdong. The infections affected more males than females, with age group and occupational aggregation characteristics. The findings suggest that dengue fever prevention and control should be carried out in key populations according to time and place. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Infection status of Anisakis in the marketed marine fish from the Bohai Strait and the Bohai Bay in 2023 CHEN Yao, WANG Yongbin, WANG Longjiang, LIU Jiancheng, XU Yan, LI Yuejin, LÜ Wenxiang, LI Dan, YAN Ge, ZHANG Benguang, BU Cancan Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (3): 183-187.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.03.010 Abstract （297）   HTML （11）    PDF （1110KB）（315）       Knowledge map    Objective To understand the infection status and morphological identification of Anisakis in the marketed marine fish captured from the Bohai Strait and the Bohai Bay for evidence to plan the prevention and control measures for this parasite. Methods In the spring and winter of 2023, we obtained the marine fish that was caught from the Bohai Strait and the Bohai Bay sold in the coastal markets, and detected Anisakis infection status in the fish samples. Then the detected species were subjected to morphological analysis and intergeneric identification, and the differences in Anisakis infection among fish species, and internal parasitic site were also analyzed. Results In this study, no Anisakis nematodes were detected in the 91 fish samples of 7 species from the Bohai Bay. A total of 210 marine fish samples of 21 species from the Bohai Strait were investigated, in which Anisakis was detected in 48 samples of 11 species. The positive detection rate was 22.86%. A total of 1 370 Anisakis were detected, with an average infection intensity of 28.54 nematodes in individual fish. The top three detection rate for the 48 marine fish was Lophiiformes (100%, 14/14), Trichiurus lepturus (100%, 10/10), and Platycephalus indicus (80.00%, 8/10), and the top three fish species in terms of infection intensity were associated with Lophiiformes (69.00 larvae/fish), Trichiurus lepturus (24.70 larvae/fish) and Ditrema temmincki Bleeker (19.00 larvae/fish). The main parasitic sites of the fish found during physical examination were the intestine, mesentery, abdominal cavity, etc., and no infection was found in the cloaca. The correlation analysis showed that the body weight of Lophiiformes and Trichiurus lepturus were positively correlated with the infection of Anisakis (r=0.77, 0.67, respectively, all P<0.01). In total, 1 226 intact third stage larvae of Anisakis were obtained, and morphologically identified as Anisakis spp.(767 larvae) and Hysterothylacium spp.(459 larvae). Conclusion In current survey, no Anisakis was detected in the marine fish in the Bohai Bay, yet Anisakis infection is relatively serious in fish in the Bohai Strait, and these pathogenic nematodes are mainly involved in Anisakis spp. and Hysterothylacium spp. Our findings suggest that it is necessary to strengthen the health education on anisakiasis in local population in order to reduce the risk of this disease. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the clinical characteristics of acute Q fever in 6 cases MO Xiaoying, WANG Zhongcheng, YAO Chao, WANG Yuanzi, WANG Meihua Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (3): 188-192.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.03.011 Abstract （283）   HTML （12）    PDF （907KB）（214）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the epidemiology, clinical pictures, diagnosis and treatment of acute Q fever in order to provide reference for the diagnosis and treatment of this entity. Methods Retrospective study was conducted on the 6 cases of acute Q fever diagnosed by metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in Nantong Third People’s Hospital between May 2022 and August 2023. The data were collected and analyzed including the epidemiological history, past medical history, clinical manifestations, findings of laboratory tests, mNGS and imaging, diagnosis and treatment process and treatment outcome. Results All the 6 patients were males, aged 45-59 years. Four patients had a history of wild-fishing by the river many times, one had a history of fishing out the bird’s nests, and another one was living with sheep around his settlement before the disease onset. The onset occurred at any time throughout the year. The clinical manifestations were high fever in all patients (6/6), with remittent-fever being dominant (5/6). Other clinical pictures included weakness (6/6), chills (5/6), muscle pain (5/6), and poor appetite (4/6). Laboratory studies indicated decreased white blood cell (WBC) count in peripheral blood in 2 and decreased platelet count in 3 patients. Elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase were seen in all the 6 patients, and increased creatine kinase was observed in 4. All patients had notably increased levels of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, ferritin and D-dimer, and three had mildly escalated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Pneumonia was free in the 6 patients by chest CT detection, and no endocarditis was seen in the 5 patients undergone echocardiography. Coxiella burnetii (Cb) was detected by mNGS in the 6 patients, who were confirmed as acute Q fever. All patients were recovered and discharged after medication with doxycycline (2 cases) or doxycycline combined with moxifloxacin (4 cases). Conclusion The clinical manifestations, imaging and laboratory test results of acute Q fever are unspecific, and the epidemiological history appears inconclusive in some patients. mNGS can contribute to quick and definitive diagnosis in the suspected patients, and doxycycline and moxifloxacin are effective in treatment of this infection. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the surveillance results of dengue vector Aedes in Chongqing area from 2019 to 2023 XIAO Hansen, TU Taotian, WANG Zheng, ZHANG Ying, WEI Jing, JI Hengqing Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (4): 204-207.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.04.003 Abstract （281）   HTML （14）    PDF （2341KB）（470）       Knowledge map    Objective To understand the density and seasonal fluctuation of Aedes mosquitoes, vectors of dengue fever, in Chongqing area for scientific basis to formulate corresponding prevention and control strategies for dengue fever. Methods The results of Aedes vector surveillance were collected from 39 districts (counties) in Chongqing area from 2019 to 2023. The surveillance was monthly conducted every year from April to November. The adult and juvenile Aedes vector mosquitoes were monitored in different habitats across the city by double-layer tent method and Breitau index method, respectively. The data of dengue fever cases reported in Chongqing area in the corresponding periods were collected through China Disease Prevention and Control Information System and analyzed. Results From 2019 to 2023, the average net lure index of adult mosquitoes was 1.63 mosquitoes / (net·h), and the net lure index were 2.23, 1.82 and 0.83 mosquitoes / (net·h), respectively, for residential areas, old tire dump/scrap station/construction sites and park/bamboo forests. The average Braito index of mosquito larvae was 5.25, and the average annual Braito index were 66.77 and 20.64, respectively for waste dumps and hospitals. The annually Braito index were relatively lower in residential areas (4.38), parks (4.12) and construction sites (2.46). From 2019 to 2023, a total of 1 539 cases of dengue fever were reported in Chongqing area, including 269 imported cases and 1 270 local infections. Cases were mainly reported in 2019 (168 imported cases and 1 243 local cases) and 2023 (95 imported cases and 27 local cases). All local infections were concentrated between August and November. The number of imported cases was correlated with the number of local infections (r=0.857, P<0.05). Conclusion The surveillance and control of Aedes vector in residential areas, hospitals, waste dumps and other habitats should be intensified in Summer and Autumn to control the mosquito vector density within the transmission risk threshold. Meanwhile, the possibility of local cases or even spot clusters caused by imported cases should be prevented. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemic characteristics of fatal cases of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in China from 2010 to 2023 YUE Yujuan, REN Dongsheng, LUN Xinchang Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (5): 257-261.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.05.001 Abstract （281）   HTML （20）    PDF （1818KB）（223）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of fatal cases from severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in China from 2010 to 2023 for reference in formulating scientific prevention and control of this infection. Mvethods The fatal cases of SFTS reported in the Information System for Disease Prevention and Control in China were collected from 2010 to 2023. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the temporal, spatial, and demographic characteristics of SFTS deaths, as well as the time interval characteristics from onset to diagnosis and onset to death. Results From 2010 to 2023, a total of 1 326 SFTS deaths were reported in 736 townships in 219 counties (cities/districts) of 62 cities in the 12 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities). The average annual case fatality rate was 4.83%. The annual numbers of deaths increased, whereas the annual case fatality rate decreased in wave fashion. The case fatality rate was decreased year after year from 2019 to 2023. The number of deaths in 2023 was 191, with case fatality rate of 3.77%. The deaths represented seasonal distribution, which peaked between May and July, accounting for 61.84% (820/1 326) of the total deaths. From 2010 to 2023, the number of regions with deaths from SFTS was gradually increased, and 51.43% (682/1 326) of the deaths were reported in Shandong Province. The gender ratio was 1.15∶1. The deaths occurred in 96.15% (1 275/1 326) of population aged 50 years and over, the case fatality rate was increased with age, and 84.46% (1 120/1 326) were farmers. The annual median interval between onset and diagnosis was 89.00 days in 2010, and ranged from 6.54 days to 9.71 days from 2011 to 2023. A total of 578 deaths were confirmed after death, accounting for 43.59% (578/1 326) of the total reported deaths, in which 60.90% (352/578) occurred in Shandong Province. Conclusion The number of SFTS deaths was generally increased in the past 13 years in China, yet the annual case fatality rate was declined. In response to the continuous expansion of the number of regions and the increasing number of deaths, strengthening case monitoring, diagnosis and treatment of SFTS is recommended. In addition, it is necessary to enhance education of prevention and control knowledge related to SFTS in the key population. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of the Surveillance Plan for Schistosoma japonicum Infection in Wild Rats (2024 Edition) LÜ Chao, XU Xiaojuan, DU Chunhong, ZHANG Jianfeng, LI Yifeng, DENG Wangping, QIN Zhiqiang, LI Shizhu, ZHANG Shiqing, XU Jing Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (4): 193-197.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.04.001 Abstract （275）   HTML （24）    PDF （931KB）（264）       Knowledge map    On April 7, 2024, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research) released the Surveillance Plan for Schistosoma japonicum Infection in Wild Rats (2024 Edition). This plan serves as a follow-up technical document to the Actions for Accelerating the Progress towards Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China (2023-2030) jointly issued by multiple government sections in June 2023. The plan attempts to specify the surveillance content of wildlife infection sources from Schistosoma japonicum in the national surveillance and early warning response actions, and aims at guiding the schistosomiasis control sections at all levels in endemic areas to scientifically and systematically conduct the monitoring tasks. In this paper, we interpreted the background and purpose, surveillance content and methods, and data management of the plan. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in population aged 6 and over in Changsha, 2013-2022 XIAO Huihui, YANG Dong, DAI Zhihui, ZHOU Yinzhu Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (3): 172-176.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.03.008 Abstract （271）   HTML （18）    PDF （2722KB）（609）       Knowledge map    Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in the population aged 6 and above in Changsha, Hunan Province, for scientific basis in prevention and control of this infection. Methods The basic information of reported cases of HFMD in Changsha from 2013 to 2022 was obtained through the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, and the etiological monitoring data of hand-foot-mouth disease in each county (city, district) were collected. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the temporal, regional and population distribution and pathogenic composition of the cases. Results A total of 14 889 cases of HFMD were reported in the population aged 6 and above from 2013 to 2022, which accounted for 5.04% of the total number of HFMD cases. No severe or fatal cases were reported. The average annual reported incidence was 19.54 per 100 000. The proportion of cases in this group showed an increasing trend in the total number of cases (χ2trend=1 658.760, P<0.01). The annual peak of the disease occurred in April to July. Of the reported cases, 8 526 were males, and 6 363 females, with a sex ratio of 1.34∶1. The median age was 7 (6, 10) years old. Maximum age was 91 years old, and the proportion of 6-15 years old was 88.09% (13 116/14 889). The occupation distribution was mainly involved in students, accounting for 55.97% (8 334/14 889). The average annual reported incidence within the urban areas (Yuhua District, Kaifu District, Yuelu District, Furong District and Tianxin District) was 24.70/100 000, which was higher than that in the suburbs (Changsha County, Liuyang City, Ningxiang City and Wangcheng District; 12.75/100 000). Etiological monitoring showed that the positive rate of enterovirus in pathogenic specimens was 50.49% (156/309). The composition of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), coxasckievirus A16 (CV-A16) and other enteroviruses was 5.77% (9/156), 37.18% (58/156) and 57.05% (89/156), respectively. Conclusion From 2013 to 2022, the proportion of HFMD cases in the population aged 6 and above in Changsha area showed an increasing trend, mainly other enteroviruses. Our findings suggest that attention should be paid to the prevention of HFMD in population aged 6 and above, strengthen the prevention and control measures of hand-foot-mouth disease in primary and secondary schools, and do a good job in monitoring other enterovirus typing. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the species, distribution and pathogens carried of Haemaphysalis DU Chaobo, SUN Yi, JIANG Jiafu, DU Chunhong Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (6): 321-327.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.06.001 Abstract （259）   HTML （33）    PDF （1033KB）（235）       Knowledge map    Ticks are obligatory blood-sucking ectoparasites and vectors of a variety of pathogens. As the second largest genus of the Ixodidae, Haemaphysalis is of great public health significance and attracts much attention from the academic community because it holds the characteristics of diverse species, wide distribution and potentially carrying multiple pathogens. This review focuses on the research progress of the species, distribution and pathogen carriers of Haemaphysalis at home and abroad in recent years, so as to provide references for the prevention and control of Haemaphysalis-borne diseases. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and surveillance results of animal host in Anhui Province, 2019-2023 DAI Yanni, LI Qing, CHU Xiujie, YUAN Yuan, SUN Yong, GONG Lei Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (3): 152-156.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.03.005 Abstract （257）   HTML （10）    PDF （1644KB）（272）       Knowledge map    Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Anhui Province for reference basis for prevention and treatment of this disease. Methods The data of HFRS cases reported in Anhui Province from 2019 to 2023 were collected through the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method for identifying the epidemiological characteristics. Circular distribution method was used to analyze the seasonal characteristics. Monitoring sites in Anhui Province were selected to monitor the rodent vectors, and night-trap method was used to identify the rodent density. Hantavirus antigens were detected by direct immunofluorescence test. Results From 2019 to 2023, a total of 808 HFRS cases and 6 deaths were reported in Anhui Province, with an annual average incidence of 0.262 4/100 000. The case fatality rate was 0.74%. HFRS was reported in 16 cities and municipal administrations in Anhui Province from 2019 through 2023. The top 3 cities in terms of the number of incidence cases were Xuancheng City (227 cases), Chuzhou City (69 cases) and Lu’an City (69 cases), and Fuyang City (59 cases). The ratio of male cases to female cases was 3.17∶1. The infection was most seen in patients aged 50-59 years (27.97%), and in farmers by occupation (73.89%). The time of onset of HFRS cases in 2019-2023 was characterized by a spring/summer peak in April-June (31.31%，253/808) and a fall/winter peak in November-January of the following year (42.08%, 340/808). Circular distribution method analysis showed that the peak days of incidence in fall and winter (main peak) and spring and summer (sub-peak) were December 8 and May 14, respectively, and the peak periods were November 1-January 15 and April 4-June 25, respectively. Between 2019 and 2023, a total of 93 543 rat traps were placed in the 7 monitoring sites, and 2 623 rodents were captured. The average density was 2.80%. A total of 2 147 rodent lung specimens were tested, in which the positive antigens were detected in 66 specimens. The average virus carrying was 3.07% (66/2 147) for the rats. Conclusion There is an overall decreasing trend in the incidence of HFRS in Anhui Province from 2019 to 2023, yet the potential for HERS outbreaks still exists, and the time of incidence is obviously in seasonal fashion. The findings suggest that all preventive and control measures should be decided and implemented as early as possible before the peak period to effectively control the epidemic of HFRS. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the relationship between severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and meteorological factors in Chaohu City based on distributed lag non-linear model LIU Kunpeng, ZHU Qixing Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (3): 177-182.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.03.009 Abstract （253）   HTML （11）    PDF （1498KB）（336）       Knowledge map    Objective To investigate the relationship between severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and meteorological factors in Chaohu City for scientific basis for prevention and control of SFTS. Methods Daily cases of SFTS in Chaohu area from 2013 to 2022 were retrieved from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, and meteorological data during the same period were obtained through the Resources and Environmental Science Data Platform. The reference values were set based on the median of weekly average temperature (17.4℃), weekly average pressure (1 012.8 hPa), weekly sunshine duration (33.4 h) and the minimum weekly precipitation (0 mm). Then the distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used to analyze the relationship between weekly SFTS cases and meteorological factors. Results In total, 231 cases of SFTS were reported in Chaohu area from 2013 through 2022. The annual incidence ranged from 0.63 per 100 000 to 5.78 per 100 000 population, with an average annual incidence at 2.93 per 100 000, and the overall trend of the annual incidence was on the rise (Z=3.04, P<0.01). Of the reported cases, 113 were males and 118 females, with average annual incidence being 2.90 per 100 000 and 2.97 per 100 000, respectively. By age group, the reported cases and incidence were the highest in population aged ≥60 years (175 cases, 10.54 per 100 000). The response curve of weekly SFTS incidence risk to weekly average temperature, weekly average pressure and sunshine duration was almost in inverted V-shape, and the response curve to weekly precipitation approximately presented half U-shape. The cumulative relative risk (CRR) of SFTS was the highest when the weekly average temperature was 22.4 ℃ [CRR=9.210, 95%CI: (0.832, 118.353)], and the risk of SFTS was increased when the weekly average temperature was 17.5-21.8 ℃ (P<0.05). When the weekly average pressure was 1 015.5 hPa, the CRR of SFTS was the highest [CRR=1.877, 95%CI: (0.649, 5.435)]. The risk of SFTS was decreased when weekly average pressure was 998.7-1 012.7 hPa and 1 022.1-1 031.5 hPa (P<0.05). The highest CRR of SFTS [CRR=1.024, 95%CI: (0.882, 1.188)] was seen at the sunshine duration being 31.0 h, and the risk of SFTS was decreased upon the sunshine duration being >39.3 h (P<0.05). The higher the weekly precipitation, the higher the risk of SFTS (P<0.05). Conclusions There is a nonlinear relationship between the cases of SFTS and meteorological factors. Suitable temperature and abundant precipitation are conducive to the occurrence of SFTS, yet high pressure and sunshine duration are unfavorable to the occurrence of SFTS. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and surveillance results of animal hosts in Jilin Province from 2018 to 2023 WANG Junfeng, WU Hao, LI Meina, ZHAO Qinglong Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (3): 133-139.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.03.002 Abstract （252）   HTML （24）    PDF （3645KB）（261）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and predict the incidence trend of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Jilin Province for evidence in prevention and control of thin acute infections in 2024. Methods The incidence data of HFRS in Jilin Province from 2018 to 2023 were collected from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and the monitoring data on the host animals in Jilin Province were also obtained. Then all data were analyzed using descriptive epidemiological method. An autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was established, by which the number of cases of HFRS in Jilin Province from 2018 to 2023 was fitted to predict the incidence of HFRS in the next year. Results A total of 1 993 cases of HFRS were reported Jilin Province from 2018 to 2023, during which the number of cases (578 cases) and the incidence (2.13/100 000) were the highest in 2018, and then presented with overall downward trend. The number of cases (158 cases) and the incidence (0.67/100 000) were the lowest in 2023. Annual reported cases peaked at April to June (635 cases, 31.86%) and October to December (724 cases, 36.33%). Of the reported cases, 1 511 were males, and 482 females, with a male to female ration of 3.13∶1. The incidences were reported in all age groups, with the population aged 30-64 years being dominant (1 464 cases, 73.46%), and the farmers were most affected by occupational distribution (1 242 cases, 62.32%). The cases were reported in all cities (prefectures), and the top three regions in terms of the cumulative number of reported cases were Tonghua (440 cases, 22.08%), Baicheng (357 cases, 17.91%) and Yanbian (335 cases, 16.81%). The top three monitoring sites with the highest cumulative rat density in residential areas in spring were Hunchun City (5.26%), Lishu County (4.36%) and Shuangyang District (3.81%), and the top three monitoring sites with the highest cumulative rat density in the wild were Hunchun City (5.55%), Panshi City (4.00%) and Shuangyang District (3.47%). The top three monitoring sites with the highest cumulative rat density in residential areas in autumn were Hunchun City (4.43%), Shuangyang District (4.09%) and Fusong County (3.84%). The top three monitoring sites with the highest cumulative rat density in the wild were Hunchun City (6.84%), Shuangyang District (4.21%) and Panshi City (4.00%). The captured rodents were mainly Rattus norvegicus and Apodemus agrarius. The results of time series analysis showed that ARIMA (0,0,1) (0,1,1)12 could better fit and predict the number of HFRS in Jilin Province (MAE=6.56, MRE=-0.16%). The average monthly number of incidence predicted in 2024 would be 7 cases. Conclusion The incidence of HFRS in Jilin Province is generally on a downward trend, the dominant rat species responsible for the transmission vectors are Rattus norvegicus and Apodemus agrarius. The monthly 2024 incidence is expected to be lower than the 2023. In the future, relevant health sections should continue to focus on monitoring and early warning of this acute infections. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation on the contamination status of Echinococcus eggs in environmental samples in Longbaotan, Qinghai Province in 2023 SUN Chenqing, YANG Shijie, HAN Shuai, WANG Xu, CHEN Junhu, HONG Yang, ZHANG Ting, ZHANG Renjie, HE Gengcheng, MA Xiao, ZHAO Cunzhe, GONG Chunhua, WANG Jipeng, ZHOU Xiaonong Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (3): 164-171.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.03.007 Abstract （251）   HTML （7）    PDF （1299KB）（298）       Knowledge map    Objective To investigate the environmental contamination status of Echinococcus eggs in Longbaotan area of Qinghai Province for evidence to formulate targeted measures in controlling echinococcosis. Methods From March to April 2023, we collected different types of environmental samples, including canine feces, animal hair, water, soil, grass and food, from the dog households, main streets in the villages and wild areas. PCR technology was used to detect Echinococcus eggs in the samples from different sources, and the detection rate of eggs was compared. ArcGIS software combined with ASTER GDEM elevation data was used to make the elevation map of sample distribution. Results A total of 400 environmental samples were harvested. The total detection rate of Echinococcus eggs was 13.50% (54/400). Of the samples obtained, 138 were canine feces, 75 animal hair, 13 water, 114 soil, 37 grass and 23 food, in which the detection rate of Echinococcus eggs was 30.43% (42/138), 5.33% (4/75), 15.38% (2/13), 5.26% (6/114), 0 (0/37) and 0 (0/23), respectively. Among 138 aliquots of canine faeces, the animals hosts were failed to be identified in the 19 aliquots of wild canine feces by PCR. Of the other 119 samples, the detection rates of Echinococcus egg in the feces of dog, Tibetan fox and red fox were 11.29% (7/62), 48.84% (21/43) and 50.00% (7/14), respectively, with significant difference (χ2=20.481, P<0.05). The egg detection rates of Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus were 2.17% (3/138), 18.12% (25/138) and 16.67% (23/138), respectively, with significant difference (χ2=19.858, P<0.05). In the 75 animal hair samples, the detection rates of Echinococcus egg in dog hair and cow hair were 6.06% (4/66) and 0 (0/9), respectively, with no significant difference (P>0.05). Of the 13 water samples, the detection rates of Echinococcus egg in wild river and streams, village well water and stagnant water were 20.00% (2/10), 0 (0/2) and 0 (0/1), respectively, with no significant difference (P>0.05). Among the 114 soil samples, the detection rates of Echinococcus egg in dog households, main streets and fields were 15.00% (3/20), 15.00% (3/20) and 0 (0/74), respectively, with significant difference (P<0.05). The eggs detected in animal hair, water and soil samples were from E. granulosus. In terms of distribution of the eggs, the feces of canines detected with eggs was highly concentrated in areas near field roads, and there was no obvious concentration trend in the samples of eggs detected in other environments. Conclusion The environmental contamination of Echinococcus eggs in Longbaotan area is serious and widely distributed. Our findings suggest that it is necessary to continue to take prevention and control measures such as deworming of dogs (especially unleashed dogs) and wild infectious sources (foxes) to reduce the pollution of eggs and the transmission risk of echinococcosis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation on the endemic status and risk factors of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Gansu Province from 2017 to 2022 WANG Ruiying, DING Fan, YAO Jinxi, WU Jialong, WANG Yun, WEI Kongfu Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (3): 140-146.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.03.003 Abstract （237）   HTML （20）    PDF （2050KB）（211）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the epidemiological patterns of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Gansu Province, and investigate the primary risk factors affecting the incidence of HFRS among residents for reference in formulating targeted strategies and measures for prevention and control of this infection. Methods The relevant information of HFRS cases reported in Gansu Province from 2017 to 2022 was collected through the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and descriptive analysis was conducted on the temporal, regional and demographic distribution of HFRS cases. Furthermore, a case-control study was carried out on HFRS cases reported in Min County, Dingxi City from 2020 to 2022 to analyze the primary risk factors affecting the incidence of this acute zoonotic condition. Results In total, 747 cases of HFRS were reported in Gansu Province from 2017 to 2022, with an average annual incidence of 0.50 per 100 000 population. The highest incidence occurred in 2019, reaching 1.28 per 100 000 population. The reported cases were 469 (62.78%) for males, and 278 (37.22%) for females, with an average annual reported incidence of 0.61/100 000 and 0.38/100 000 population, respectively for each gender. In different age groups, the number of reported cases was the largest in population aged 45-59 years (296 cases, 39.63%), followed by those aged 30-44 years (184 cases, 24.63%). Farmers were the most involved in HFRS (487 cases, 65.19%), followed by herdsmen (133 cases, 17.81%). The incidence of HFRS was mainly concentrated in October to December (569 cases, 76.17%), with the peak occurring in November (262 cases, 35.07%). The reported cases were mainly in Xiahe County, Min County and Lingtai County, with a cumulative number of reported cases being 571 (76.44%). The results of the case-control study showed that the potential risks for HFRS were associated with absence of vaccination against HFRS (OR=5.99), presence of rat cavity in the house (OR=3.99), no wearing a mask when digging and organizing herbs (OR=10.45), intake of food contaminated by rodents (OR=5.49), contact with rodents or rodent feces (OR=11.64), and drinking unboiled water (OR=6.97). Conclusion From 2017 to 2022, the incidence of HFRS in Gansu Province showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, with a concentrated period and area of high incidence. For the areas of high incidence, preventive vaccination, health education and improvement of the living environment should be carried out in due course to strengthen residents' awareness of protection and guide them to develop better dietary and hygienic habits, so as to reduce the risk of the infection. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the epidemiological characteristics of public health emergencies of communicable diseases in the cross border area of Yunnan Province, 2018-2022 HE Jibo, NIAN Pengying, ZHENG Erda, ZHANG Yanli, CHEN Lihua Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (4): 217-222.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.04.006 Abstract （237）   HTML （7）    PDF （2328KB）（188）       Knowledge map    Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of public health emergencies of infectious diseases in the border areas of Yunnan Province in recent years for reference for the prevention and control of the infectious diseases in border areas. Methods The data of public health emergencies of infectious diseases in the border areas of Yunnan Province from 2018 to 2022 were retrieved through the Subsystem of Public Health Emergency Management under the Information System for Disease Prevention and Control in China, and analyzed by descriptive epidemiological methods concerning the temporal and regional distribution. Results In total, 179 public health emergencies of infectious diseases were reported in 25 counties (cities) in the border areas of Yunnan Province from 2018 to 2022, which accounted for 20.53% of the total reported incidents. A total of 14 877 cases and 1 death were reported. Majority of the cases were general incidents (Level Ⅳ) (110 cases, 61.45%), and the main type of cases was Class B infectious diseases (77 cases, 43.02%). Twelve types of diseases were involved, with the top three being novel coronavirus infections (64 cases, 35.75%), chickenpox (42 cases, 23.46%) and influenza (26 cases, 14.53%). The highest incidence of the emergencies appeared between April and July (71 cases, 39.66%), and September and December (65 cases, 36.31%). High incidence occurred in schools (96 cases, 53.63%), in which primary schools accounted for 55.21% (53/96). There were 11 outbreaks caused by imported infectious diseases, of which 7 were from Myanmar (63.64%). The median duration of infectious disease events was 14 (4, 35) days, and the longest duration was 153 days. Conclusion The infectious diseases incidents in the border areas of Yunnan Province are mainly Class B infections diseases, and schools are the key places for prevention and control. At the same time, monitoring and prevention should be strengthened in the high incidence seasons. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical characterization of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children ZHANG Ying, YANG Lirong, WANG Chen Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (4): 248-251.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.04.012 Abstract （236）   HTML （10）    PDF （875KB）（183）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in hospitalized children for evidence in clinical diagnosis and treatment of this infection. Methods Throat swab samples were collected from the children treated in Tongling People's Hospital due to respiratory infection between August 2022 and July 2023. Real time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the common respiratory pathogens, including RSV, human adenovirus, influenza A and B virus, parainfluenza virus type 1 and 3, human rhinovirus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Then RSV infection cases were analyzed for the population distribution, clinical symptoms, laboratory tests and clinical diagnosis. Results RSV infection was detected in 366 of the 3 145 throat swab samples collected from the pediatric patients, with a detection rate of 11.64%. In total, 208 were boys, and 158 girls. The age ranged from 1 month to 10 years, with a median age of 2 (1, 3) years. Most infection occurred in children aged 2 years old and below (218 cases, 59.56%), and the peak of the number of cases was seen in April and May in 2023 (276 cases, 75.41%). Among all cases, 318 cases (86.89%) were single RSV infection and 48 cases (13.11%) were mixed infection. The clinical symptoms of the cases were dominated by cough (345 cases, 94.26%), fever (312 cases, 85.25%) or wheezing (139 cases, 37.98%). Laboratory indicators, including white blood cell count, neutrophil ratio, lymphocyte ratio, monocyte ratio and platelet count, were generally within the normal range, whereas high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level in cases were mainly elevated (184 cases, 50.27%). The top three clinical diagnoses were bronchopneumonia (208 cases, 56.83%), acute bronchitis (93 cases, 25.41%) and acute bronchiolitis (39 cases, 10.66%). Conclusion RSV infection seems primarily affecting children under 2 years old and below, and the infection type is dominated by simple infection. The clinical pictures are mainly characterized by cough, fever, wheezing and elevated level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Clinical attention should be paid to reduce the risks of the infection progressing to severe condition. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation and analysis of Clonorchis sinensis infection and related KAP status in population in Nanning City from 2021 to 2023 WEI Shulin, QU Zhiqiang, DIAO Shuqin, LI Xue, LUO Mifang, HUANG Yancui, LUO Yuanyuan Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (5): 289-293.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.05.007 Abstract （228）   HTML （4）    PDF （943KB）（128）       Knowledge map    Objective To investigate the Clonorchis sinensis infection and related knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) in the population in Nanning City for evidences to plan targeted prevention and control measures. Methods Two to three counties (districts) in Nanning area were annually selected as surveillance sites for clonorchiasis from 2021 to 2023. Then 1 000 people were respectively included from each monitoring site every year by stratified cluster sampling method to undergo detection of clonorchiasis eggs with modified Kato-Katz thick smears (one stool and two tests). Finally, 150 subjects were randomly selected for questionnaire survey. Results A total of 8 058 people were investigated from 2021 to 2023, in whom 1 534 were positive for Clonorchis sinensis. The total infection rate was 19.04% and classification of infection degree is mainly mild infection (85.46%, 1 311/1 534). The difference of infection rate in each counties (districts) was statistically significant (χ2=757.968, P<0.05). The top 3 infection rates were in Jiangnan District (41.16%, 417/1 013), Qingxiu District (36.97%, 373/1 009) and Xixiangtang District (15.30%, 153/1 000). The infection rate was 28.07% (1 101/3 922) for males and 10.47% (433/4 136) for females, and the highest in population aged 50-59 years (28.33%, 440/1 553). By educational background and occupation, the highest infection rate was seen in population of junior middle school (28.15%, 908/3 226) and farmers (26.02%, 1 368/5 258). There were significant differences in infection rate among different genders, age groups, education levels and occupations (χ2=404.732, 691.044, 352.794, 695.679, all P<0.05). The overall knowledge awareness rate, attitude accuracy rate and behavior accuracy rate were 80.08% (961/1 200), 72.75% (873/1 200) and 69.42% (833/1 200), respectively. The KAP was negatively correlated with Clonorchis sinensis infection [OR=0.51, 95% CI: (0.35, 0.74); OR=0.42, 95% CI: (0.29, 0.62) ; OR=0.27, 95% CI: (0.18, 0.40), respectively]. Conclusion The overall infection level of Clonorchis sinensis in Nanning city remains relatively higher, yet the infection is in mild degree, and the level of KAP towards Clonorchis sinensis infection needs improving. It is recommended to carry out comprehensive control measures combining health education and drug treatment to reduce the infection rate of the population. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Contamination status and risk assessment of dietary exposure to aflatoxins B1 in peanuts on the market in Hefei City from 2022 to 2023 LI Chang’an, ZHANG Wei, LIU Wenwen, ZHANG Jian Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (4): 223-226.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.04.007 Abstract （215）   HTML （4）    PDF （974KB）（152）       Knowledge map    Objective To understand the contamination status of aflatoxins B1 (AFT B1) in the peanuts on the market in Hefei area, and conduct a dietary exposure risk and health risk assessment of AFT B1 for reference to develop relevant control measures. Methods The peanut samples were obtained across 9 counties/districts in Hefei City by random sampling method between 2022 and 2023, and subjected to determination of the concentration of AFT B1 using isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Additionally, questionnaire response was made in the residents in Hefei area to understand consumption status for the nuts that represented the peanut consumption quantity. Finally, the exposure to AFT B1 through peanuts among different populations with distinct characteristics was analyzed to estimate the margin of exposure (MOE) and the risk of liver cancer development. Results AFT B1 was detected in the 79 aliquots of peanuts sampled in Hefei area between 2022 and 2023. The detection rate was 45.57% (36/79), and 13.92% (11/79) of the positive samples exceeded the China national tolerance limit. The nut consumption was (4.61±6.12) g/d for males, and (5.21±6.44) g/d for females, which had no significant difference between genders (t=1.279, P>0.05). The daily nut consumption was (4.90±6.28), (3.53±5.66) and (3.90±6.14) g/d, respectively for population aged 6-17 and 18-59 years as well as those over 60 years. The difference was significant (F=7.134, P<0.01). The estimated daily intake (EDI) was 1.70, 0.99 and 1.04 ng/(kg·d), respectively for population aged 6-17, 18-59 and over 60 years, the MOE was 236, 403 and 385, the liver cancer risk from this exposure was 0.04, 0.03 and 0.03 cancer patient per 100 000 person every year. Upon restricted dietary exposure to AFT B1, the MOE was 7 003, 11 961 and 11 438, the cancer risk arising from AFT B1 intake can be decreased to 0.001 5, 0.000 8 and 0.000 9 cancer patient per 100 000 persons every year, respectively for the population group aforementioned. Conclusion AFT B1 was highly detected in the peanuts on the market in Hefei City, which suggests that full actions should be taken to continuously monitor contamination of AFT B1 in the peanuts, and relevant authorities shall also take more effective control measures to ensure food security for the residents in Hefei City. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the virus diversity of the mosquitoes carrying Japanese encephalitis virus YAN Wenzhe, LI Jinyu, LUN Xinchang, LIU Pengbo, SONG Xiuping, GUO Yuhong, LIU Xiaobo, YUE Yujuan, LU Liang, ZHAO Ning Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (6): 328-333.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.06.002 Abstract （213）   HTML （10）    PDF （2639KB）（88）       Knowledge map    Objective To investigate the virome characteristics of the mosquitoes carrying Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) for evidence in estimating the public health risks arising from mosquito-borne viruses. Methods According to the National Surveillance Program for Vector Pathogens (Trial), the infected mosquito samples carrying JEV were collected in the National Surveillance System for Mosquito-borne Pathogens from June to September 2022, and the data were further verified. Then the JEV positive mosquito samples with high nucleic acid quality from different provinces and distinct mosquito species were selected to undergo virome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The viral sequences were aligned and assembled, and phylogenetic analysis was performed in the important arboviruses that were annotated. Results In this study, a total of 8 pools with JEV-positive mosquitoes were investigated from 6 provinces, including Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangsu, Chongqing, Gansu and Yunnan. The mosquito species consisted of Anopheles sinensis, Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus. The results of virome sequencing showed that a total of 41 virus families and 118 known viruses were annotated. Among them, the abundance of Rhabdoviridae was relatively higher in more than half of the sampling sites. Twenty-two virus families were annotated in all 3 mosquito species. Quang Binh virus (QBV) was annotated in the mosquitoes sampled from 6 pools, and six near-full-length QBV sequences were obtained by assembly. Banna virus (BAV) was annotated in the specimens obtained from two pools, and two segments at the 12th of BAV were obtained by assembly. Two pools were annotated to Kadipiro virus (KDV), and the segment 1st sequence of KDV was obtained by assembly. Phylogenetic analysis showed that most of the QBV, BAV and KDV strains in this study were closely related to the strains isolated in China in recent years, and both BAV strains belonged to genotype A1. Conclusion This study enriched the understanding of mosquito viromes in China, and revealed the diversity of viruses in mosquitoes and the public health risks of arboviruses such as QBV, BAV and KDV. Thus, our findings may be important evidences in assessment of the risks and control of mosquito-borne infectious diseases in scientific fashion. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Trend analysis of the prevalence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Heilongjiang Province from 2018 to 2023 TIAN Yuwen, SHEN Jichuan, GAO Fei, MA Tao, HU Quanbo, SUO Jianing, YUAN Shuang Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (3): 147-151.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.03.004 Abstract （209）   HTML （13）    PDF （1792KB）（186）       Knowledge map    Objective To understand the incidence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and the infection status of rodent hosts in Heilongjiang Province for scientific basis in the development and adjustment of related prevention and control measures for HFRS. Methods The data on HFRS cases in Heilongjiang Province from 2018 to 2023 were collected through the China Disease Control and Prevention Information System, and data on vaccination and rodent host surveillance were obtained from Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Then all data were analyzed regarding the temporal, regional and demographic distribution of HFRS, vaccination status, the infection rate in rodent hosts and the virulence index of rats. Results In total, 5 233 HFRS cases and 34 deaths were reported in Heilongjiang Province from 2018 to 2023, with annual reported incidence of 1.60/100 000 to 3.50/100 000, which showed a decreasing trend in general (χ2trend=18.97, P<0.01). The average annual reported incidence was 2.47/100 000, and the average annual reported mortality was 0.02/100 000. The number of vaccine doses increased year by year in 2019-2022, with a slight decrease in 2023. Of the reported cases, 4 031 were males, and 1 202 females. The incidence was 3.79/100 000 and 1.14/100 000, respectively. The highest number of reported cases (1 386 cases) and incidence (3.54/100 000) were seen in population aged 50-59 years by age group, and farmers have the highest proportion of occupations (3 170 cases, 60.58%). The reported cases demonstrated a seasonal "bimodal" distribution, with the main peak occurring from October to December (2 628 cases, 50.22%) and the sub-peak appearing in May (471 cases, 9.00%). The top five regions with the highest incidence were involved in Shuangyashan City (5.68/100 000), Heihe City (5.54/100 000), Jixi City (4.76/100 000), Hegang City (4.40/100 000) and Jiamusi City (4.34/100 000). FlexScan spatial clustering scanning showed that Shuangyashan City, Heihe City, Jixi City, Hegang City, Jiamusi City, Mudanjiang City, Qiqihar City and Yichun City were classified as type A clustering area. Host monitoring showed that the density of mice was 7.12%. The average annual virus carrying rate, infection rate and virus carrying index of mice were 7.11%, 7.16% and 7.05, respectively. Conclusion The incidence rate of HFRS in Heilongjiang Province demonstrated a downward trend from 2018 to 2023, yet the situation of prevention and control still remains serious. In the future, there is still a need to strengthen the health education and preventive vaccination in the high-risk population, as well as to scale up and improve the monitoring of rodent hosts, so as to raise the monitoring and early-warning capacity for HFRS. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics