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Epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever in Guangzhou City from 2014 to 2023 CHEN Qin, WU Li’nan, LAI Shifeng, JIANG Mingming, LIU Wenhui Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2025, 23 (4): 205-210.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.04.003 Abstract （1907）   HTML （19）    PDF （1467KB）（582）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever in Guangzhou area for scientific basis in prevention and control of this infection. Methods Data on dengue fever cases residing in Guangzhou from 2014 to 2023 were obtained through the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the temporal, regional and population distribution as well as the case origins, interval between onset and diagnosis, and viral serotypes. Results From 2014 to 2023, a total of 42 828 dengue fever cases were reported in Guangzhou City. Among these, 42 023 were local cases, 726 were imported cases from overseas, and 79 were imported cases from other domestic regions. The annual incidence rate ranged from 0.05/100 000 to 281.70/100 000 population. Reports of local cases and cases imported from other domestic regions were mainly concentrated in the period from August to November (41 494 cases and 77 cases, respectively). Cases imported from overseas were reported throughout the year, with the majority concentrated in the period from May to November (613 cases). These cases are mainly distributed in the central urban areas (36 744 cases, 85.79%). By the case origins, domestic imported cases (51 cases) were mainly from provinces such as Yunnan and Guangxi. Overseas imported cases were primarily associated with Southeast Asian countries such as Cambodia and Thailand (591 cases). Among different demographic groups, 21 309 were male cases and 21 519 female cases. The male-to-female ratio was relatively higher among the overseas imported cases (2.47∶1). Locally acquired cases were concentrated in the 20-59 age group (29 544 cases, 70.30%), while imported cases were mainly aged 20-49 years (656 cases, 81.49%). By occupation distribution, local cases were predominated by people engaged in housework & unemployed individuals, retirees, and commercial service workers (21 408 cases, 50.94%), whereas imported cases were mainly commercial service workers, people engaged in housework & unemployed individuals, and laborers (454 cases, 56.40%). The dominant serotypes were DENV-1 (66.18%, 2 464/3 723) and DENV-2 (31.78%, 1 183/3 723). The median interval from onset to diagnosis was 5 (3, 7) days. The detection rate during the viremia period was 59.35%, which showed an increasing annual trend (χ2trend=5.823, P<0.05). Conclusion In recent years, local dengue fever outbreaks in Guangzhou have primarily been caused by imported cases, with the incidence rate remaining at a relatively high level. These outbreaks exhibit distinct seasonal characteristics. Relevant authorities should focus on key areas and populations, continuously optimize and implement comprehensive prevention and control measures centered on case management and Aedes mosquito control, and rigorously prevent the spread of the epidemic. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological characteristics and temporal trend of dengue fever in Chengdu City, 2011-2023 YAN Ke, FENG Jing, ZHOU Rong, DU Xunbo, LIU Hui, WANG Yao Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2025, 23 (4): 211-215.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.04.004 Abstract （1753）   HTML （16）    PDF （1354KB）（427）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and temporal trend of dengue fever in Chengdu area for scientific evidences to effectively control epidemic import and local transmission. Methods The case data of dengue fever reported in Chengdu area from 2011 to 2023 were collected from the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System as well as epidemiological investigation. Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics, and Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze time trends. Results In total, 269 cases of dengue were reported in Chengdu area from 2011 to 2023, including 1 indigenous case, 197 imported cases from overseas, and 71 imported cases from other provinces within China. The top three districts/counties with the higher number of imported cases were Xindu District (28 cases), Jinniu District (27 cases), and Qingyang District (24 cases). Of the imported cases, the onset age was dominant in 21-50 years (225 cases, 83.96%). One hundred and fifty were males, and 118 females, with a sex ration of 1.27∶1. The occupational distribution was led by commerce/services (60 cases, 22.39%), homemakers/unemployed (59 cases, 22.01%), and workers (47 cases, 17.54%). Overseas imported cases originated primarily from Southeast Asia (169 cases, 85.79%), and domestic imported cases came from Yunnan Province (69 cases, 97.18%) and Guangdong Province (2 cases, 2.82%). Overseas imported cases occurred year-round, and the incidence peaked from June to October (69.54%, 137/197). Domestic imported cases were reported exclusively between August and November. The locally acquired case occurred in October. Overall, the incidence of dengue fever in Chengdu area exhibited a “slow rise-rise-decline-rise” trend from 2011 to 2023 (AAPC=39.26%, P<0.05). The case number was slowly increased from 2011 to 2018 (APC=28.53%, P<0.05), shot rapidly from 2018 to 2019 (APC=322.90%, P<0.05), sharply decreased from 2019 to 2021 (APC=-99.58%, P<0.05), and greatly went up from 2021 to 2023 (APC=2 746.79%, P<0.05). Conclusion The dengue fever epidemic in Chengdu area is primarily influenced by imported cases from Southeast Asian regions and neighboring domestic provinces. Summer and autumn seasons represent critical periods for prevention and control dengue fever in Chengdu area. Effective measures should be implemented to address the risk of epidemic spread caused by imported cases and potential local outbreaks. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological characteristics and prediction of overseas imported dengue fever in Yunnan Province from 2005 to 2023 FU Jialu, ZHENG Erda, QI Yanbo, WU Linbo, HE Jibo, YANG Rui Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2025, 23 (4): 199-204,210.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.04.002 Abstract （1739）   HTML （29）    PDF （3677KB）（502）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of overseas imported dengue fever cases in Yunnan Province, and predict the incidence trend for evidence for prevention and control of dengue fever. Methods Case data of overseas imported dengue fever reported in Yunnan Province from 2005 to 2023 were obtained from the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and descriptive research methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of this infection. The SARIMA model was fitted using the case data from 2005 to 2023, and the model was evaluated with the case data of 2024. Results A total of 6 030 overseas imported dengue fever cases were reported in Yunnan Province from 2005 to 2023, which accounted for 19.50% of the total reported cases of dengue fever. The peak period for the imported cases was from August to November (5 094 cases, 84.48%). The top three prefectures/municipalities with the highest case number were Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture (2 610 cases, 43.28%), Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture (1 688 cases, 27.99%), and Lincang City (918 cases, 15.22%). The main source country of the cases was Myanmar (4 907 cases, 81.38%). The number of male and female cases was 3 477 (57.66%) and 2 553 (42.34%), respectively. The cases were mainly concentrated in the age group of 20-49 years (4 063 cases, 67.38%), and farmers were dominant in the cases reported (2 575 cases, 42.70%). The SARIMA(1,0,1)(1,0,1)12 model demonstrated excellent fitting effect, with the actual monthly case counts in 2024 all lying within the 95% confidence interval of the model’s forecasts. Conclusion Overseas imported dengue fever cases in Yunnan Province exhibited distinct seasonality, mainly originating from Myanmar and concentrating in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture and Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture. It is recommended to strengthen dengue prevention and control measures for key inbound populations in line with seasonal and regional characteristics. Additionally, the SARIMA(1,0,1)(1,0,1)12 model can well fit the monthly number of overseas imported dengue fever cases in Yunnan Province, making it suitable for short-term prediction of the incidence trend of such cases. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological characteristics and prediction of epidemic trend of norovirus infections in Yunnan Province ZHENG Erda, JIA Yuchen, LIU Sixian, SHEN Xiulian, HUANG Tian, HE Jibo, LIU Huihui Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2025, 23 (4): 222-228.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.04.006 Abstract （1615）   HTML （21）    PDF （2109KB）（1150）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus infection in Yunnan Province from 2017 to 2023，and assess the application of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and prospective spatialtemporal scan statistics in the incidence trend and early warning of norovirus infection. Methods The case data of norovirus infections in Yunnan Province reported from 2017 to 2024 were collected from the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and analyzed regarding the characteristics of temporal, regional, and population distribution using descriptive epidemiology. ARIMA model was established to predict the number of cases, and prospective spatio-temporal scan was used for spatiotemporal aggregation analysis of monthly reported cases. Results Between 2017 and 2024, a total of 15 600 cases of norovirus infections were reported in Yunnan Province, with the highest incidence reported in 2024 (17.473 /100 000). The incidence generally peaked from February to May, during which 53.99% (8 422/15 600) of the cases were reported. The top three prefectures (cities) with higher annual reported incidence were Qujing City (14.167 /100 000), Pu’er City (11.062 /100 000) and Lijiang City (10.706 /100 000). By population distribution, 8 709 cases were males, and 6 891 females. The 0-4 age group had the highest proportion of reported cases, who accounted for 68.93% (10 753/15 600). Children living at home were dominated by occupation distribution, who accounted for 63.23% (9 864/15 600). Ljung Box test of ARIMA (2,0,0)(0,1,0)12 model indicated Q=7.449 (P=0.964), and that the residual sequence was white noise. The model fitting effect appeared sound. The relative error between predicted value and the actual value from January to December 2024 was 14.76%. In the prospective spatiotemporal scanning statistics, 50% of the high-risk population was used as the maximum spatial scanning window, and 14 days were used as the maximum time scanning window for spatiotemporal scanning clustering analysis. The results showed that the spatiotemporal clustering areas in January 2024 were consistent with the actual areas where clustering epidemics occurred, and the warning time was 5 days earlier than the outbreak occurred. Conclusion In recent years, the number of reported cases of norovirus infection in Yunnan Province has risen rapidly, and the areas with reported infections expanded. Children under 5 years old living at home are the main affected population. ARIMA model and prospective spatiotemporal scan statistics can be more accurate for early warning of this infection, which has important application value in practical work. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Trend analysis of viral hepatitis incidence in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region from 2008 to 2024 WANG Xiuqin, YANG Qi, WANG Xuemin, ZHANG Wenxia, MA Ying, MA Jinyu, DONG Junqiang, ZHAO Lihua Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2025, 23 (3): 149-154.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.03.004 Abstract （1507）   HTML （19）    PDF （3013KB）（704）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the epidemiological trends of viral hepatitis in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region for evidences to optimize the prevention and control strategies. Methods The data on viral hepatitis cases reported in Ningxia area between 2008 and 2024 were retrieved from the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive epidemiology and JoinPoint regression model were used to analyze the trend of the incidence. Results From 2008 to 2024, a total of 82 180 viral hepatitis cases were reported in Ningxia area, with an annual average incidence rate of 72.19 per 100 000 population. Hepatitis B predominated among all types of viral hepatitis (n=66 438; 80.84%), and the incidence of hepatitis A and hepatitis B showed overall declining trends (AAPC=-18.56% and -11.24%, t =-4.83 and -13.22, both P<0.05). The incidence of hepatitis C was increased from 2008 to 2011 (APC=26.24%, t=3.29, P<0.05), yet showed slower growth from 2011 to 2019 (APC=5.25%, t=3.89, P<0.05), and declined rapidly from 2019 to 2024 (APC=-23.26%, t=-9.08, P<0.05). The trend of hepatitis E incidence indicated no significant change. The cumulative reported cases were 49 779 (60.57%) in males and 32 401 (39.43%) in females, with an annual average incidence rate of 85.71 per 100 000 and 58.11 per 100 000 population, respectively. The incidence of all types of viral hepatitis was higher in males than in females, and population aged 20-49 years were most affected (n=47 607; 57.93%). The incidence was generally increased with age. By occupation distribution, farmers accounted for the majority of reported cases (n=42 821; 52.11%), representing the highest proportion in all types of viral hepatitis. By regional distribution, the reported cases were the highest in Yinchuan City (n=25 226), and the annual average incidence rate was the highest in Wuzhong City (84.62 per 100 000). Conclusion The incidence rate of viral hepatitis in Ningxia area showed an overall declining trend, with middle-aged and elderly males and farmers being the key populations. Future prevention and control efforts should focus on strengthening screening and treatment of the middle-aged and elderly rural populations to reduce disease burden and incidence rates. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evolving trends in the pathogen spectrum of hand, foot and mouth disease in China and strategies for prevention and control ZHANG Zhijie, CHANG Zhaorui Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2025, 23 (4): 195-198,215.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.04.001 Abstract （1462）   HTML （52）    PDF （845KB）（1222）       Knowledge map    Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infection in children caused by various enteroviruses. It is more prevalent in the Western Pacific Region, and remains significant global public health concerns. In recent years, the prevention and control of HFMD in China is facing new challenges with change of the pathogen spectrum of HFMD. This paper reviewed the evolutionary trends of HFMD pathogen spectrum at home and abroad, and detailed the changing characteristics of HFMD pathogen spectrum in China and its impact on clinical diagnosis, treatment, and disease control. Besides, corresponding countermeasure and proposals were put forward from targeted aspects as strengthening the pathogen monitoring, accelerating the research and development of multivalent vaccines, and implementing non-pharmaceutical intervention measures, with an attempt to provide references for the prevention and control of HFMD in the new situation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological investigation and response of two dengue fever outbreaks at construction sites in Shenzhen City WAN Jia, NIU Cong, WANG Ying, WANG Meng, LÜ Ziquan, ZHANG Zhen, LU Jianhua, FENG Tiejian, KONG Dongfeng Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2025, 23 (4): 216-221,234.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.04.005 Abstract （1444）   HTML （13）    PDF （2473KB）（179）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and measures to manage dengue fever outbreaks in two construction sites in Shenzhen area, and summarize the experience in prevention and control of the two outbreaks. Methods Case finding was carried out in the surrounding areas and medical institutions of A construction site in Nanshan District and B construction site in Bao’an District where the epidemic occurred, and case exposure and epidemiological history, and clinical manifestations were investigated. Colloidal gold immunochromatography assay was used to detect the antibodies and antigens, and RT-PCR was used for nucleic acid detection and typing. Viral tracing was performed through next-generation sequencing. Mosquito vector density was measured using Breteau index (BI) and mosquito ovitrap index (MOI). Results The two outbreaks, occurring between September and November, involved 94 and 86 cases and lasted for 84 and 45 days, respectively. The cases were predominated by males (n=144; 80.00%) and population aged 30-59 years (n=143; 79.44%). Occupational distribution was primarily associated with workers (n=130; 72.22%). All cases were clinically classified as mild dengue fever. A total of 31 cases (32.98%) and 23 cases (26.74%) were respectively detected more than 5 days after symptom onset. Epidemiological investigations revealed that neither of the index cases in the two outbreaks had a travel history outside Shenzhen within 14 days prior to symptom onset. A presymptomatic case from Site A had resided in the worker’s dormitory at Site B 13 days prior to the onset of the outbreak at Site B. In the early stage of the two waves of the epidemic, the viruses infecting 24 cases were all dengue virus serotype Ⅰ, genotype Ⅰ, showing a homology of 99.90%. Finally, 180 cases were identified in 1 509 individuals screened. Targeted mosquito elimination and breeding site cleanup were conducted every 3 days at core epidemic foci in both worksites. The average daily BI and MOI both dropped to safe levels (BI ≤ 5 and MOI ≤ 5) on October 20th. The epidemic was declared over 25 days after the last case was reported, when no new cases emerged and the BI and MOI at both construction sites dropped below 5. Conclusion Both outbreaks were endemics spread across construction sites through asymptomatic infected migrant workers. The findings suggest that prevention and control of dengue fever at the construction site is involved in such problems as high mobility of personnel, weak awareness of seeking medical treatment, high density of mosquito vectors and difficulty in epidemic control, for which we recommend that it is necessary to implement various prevention and control measures, including case detection, mosquito vector control and worker management. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological characteristics and transmission dynamics of varicella in Changsha City from 2014 to 2023 ZHAO Jin, ZHOU Yinzhu, QIU Jinsong, CHEN Shuilian Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2025, 23 (4): 229-234.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.04.007 Abstract （1408）   HTML （8）    PDF （3177KB）（592）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and transmission dynamics of varicella in Changsha area for evidences in following prevention and control of this infection. Methods The case data on varicella registered in Changsha area from 2014 to 2023 were obtained through the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and descriptively analyzed regarding the temporal, regional, and population distribution. Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze incidence trends, and the SEIR model was applied for analysis of the transmission dynamics. Results A total of 74 146 varicella cases were reported in Changsha are from 2014 to 2023. The average annual incidence rate was 87.57 per 100 000 population. From 2014 to 2018, the incidence showed an upward trend, with an annual percentage change (APC) of 24.07% (t=2.71, P=0.042), followed by a downward trend from 2018 to 2023 (APC=-23.79%, t=-4.98, P=0.004). The main peak for the infection occurred from October to January (38 268 cases, 51.61%) and the secondary peak emerged between April and July (23 551 cases, 31.76%). The average annual reported incidence rate was lower in central urban area (85.34/100 000) than that in surrounding counties (cities) (90.31/100 000). The cases were dominated by population in the 0-14 age group (55 894 cases, 75.38%), and the average annual reported incidence rate was higher in males than in females (91.18/100 000 vs. 83.77/100 000). Occupational distribution indicated that school students (36 555 cases, 49.30%), children in kindergartens (16 811 cases, 22.67%) and those living at home (10 317 cases, 13.91%) were the most affected groups. Primary schools were the major outbreak settings (75 events, 76.53%). The mean daily reproduction number (Rt) during epidemic peaks was 1.548 (ascending phase) and 0.672 (descending phase), with the highest annual mean daily Rt observed in 2023 (1.124) and the lowest in 2022 (0.990). Conclusion Varicella incidence in Changsha area still remains at risk of high endemicity. In order to mitigate transmission, we recommend that comprehensive health education in schools and increased varicella vaccination coverage are urgently needed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of spatial zero-inflated Poisson model in spatial analysis of Brucellosis in Yunnan Province YUAN Rui, LI Ke, ZHANG Lele, YU Binbin, YANG Xiangdong, WANG peng, ZHANG Zhijie Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2025, 23 (3): 160-164,188.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.03.006 Abstract （1369）   HTML （6）    PDF （1573KB）（886）       Knowledge map    Objective To assess the value of spatial zero-inflated Poisson model applied to the spatial analysis of Brucellosis cases with high zero values in Yunnan Province for methodological references in analysis of the similar data in the field of public health. Methods The data on Brucellosis cases reported in Yunnan Province from January to December of 2022 were collected through the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The global Moran’s I, local Moran’s I, and spatial scan statistics were used to analyze global and local spatial autocorrelation and detection of spatial clustering of Brucellosis cases. Traditional Poisson, zero-inflated Poisson, and spatial zero-inflated Poisson models were employed for data fitting, with the optimal model determined based on deviance information criterion (DIC) and Watanabe-Akaike information criterion (WAIC). Results In total, 1 015 cases of Brucellosis were reported in Yunnan Province from January to December of 2022. The number of cases at county-level showed a significant global spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I=0.40, Z=8.80, P<0.01), and exhibited a serious outbreak in the eastern region of Yunnan, where a high-risk cluster was identified (RR=18.53, LLR=694.21, P<0.01). The spatial zero-inflated Poisson model demonstrated the best fit (DIC=556.055, WAIC=740.752), followed by the non-spatial zero-inflated Poisson model (DIC=815.527, WAIC=1 564.548), both outperforming the traditional Poisson model (DIC=975.799, WAIC=1 613.696). The latter two models showed biased results, leading to inaccurate parameter estimates. The posterior mean of the spatial structure random effects in the optimal model revealed significant spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I=0.32, Z=5.92, P<0.01), whereas the non-spatial random effects indicated no significant spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I=0.08, Z=1.52, P>0.05). Conclusion The spatial zero-inflated Poisson model, which incorporates spatial effects, can better address zero-inflated count data with spatial autocorrelation features, and reveal potential spatial structures in disease data, which may provide effective methodological support for the spatial epidemiological analysis of low-prevalence infectious diseases. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological characteristics and vaccination of acute hepatitis B in Anhui Province from 2012 to 2024 SU Ying, WANG Binbing, CHAI Yu, DONG Yan, WANG Junping, ZHANG Ning, SONG Feiyang Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2025, 23 (3): 144-148.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.03.003 Abstract （1328）   HTML （13）    PDF （1365KB）（473）       Knowledge map    Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of acute hepatitis B in Anhui Province and the vaccination status of the vaccine for evidences in prevention and control of this condition. Methods The data on acute hepatitis B cases reported in Anhui Province from 2012 to 2024 were retrieved through the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and the reported vaccination rates of hepatitis B vaccine were collected through the National Immunization Program Information System. Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the characteristics of temporal, regional and population distribution as well as the vaccination status in population. The Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the temporal trend of incidence rates, and the annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC) were calculated. Results From 2012 to 2024, a total of 18 019 cases of acute hepatitis B were reported in Anhui Province, with an average annual incidence rate of 2.23 per 100 000 population. Joinpoint regression analysis indicated that the incidence rate of acute hepatitis B showed an overall downward trend during 2012-2024 (AAPC= -10.52%, t=-8.13, P<0.01), and the decline was particularly significant from 2018 to 2024 (APC=-16.20%, t=-6.05, P<0.01). Cases were reported throughout the year, with the highest number of reports in March (n=1 639; 9.10%). The top three regions with the highest average annual incidence rates were Suzhou City (7.87/100 000), Xuancheng City (2.56/100 000), and Huangshan City (2.12/100 000). Of the reported cases, 11 404 were males and 6 615 were females. The age of onset was mainly concentrated among individuals aged 30~44 (n=5 318; 29.51%). The farmers were dominant by occupation (n=13 303; 73.83%). The full vaccination rate of hepatitis B vaccine in Anhui Province from 2012 to 2024 was all above 99.00%, and the timely first-dose vaccination rate within 24 hours, except for 2021 (89.78%) and 2022 (89.88%), remained above 90.00%. Conclusion The incidence of acute hepatitis B in Anhui Province is on a downward trend, and the hepatitis B vaccine is maintained at a high level of inoculation. The findings suggest that the prevention and control of hepatitis B should be strengthened in high-incidence areas (Suzhou) and high-risk groups (farmers) across the whole province, as well as enhance the inoculation of hepatitis B vaccine. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Disease economic burden in patients with rifampicin-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis WANG Hanfei, HU Dongmei, ZHANG Xiaomeng, LI Tao, XU Caihong, LIU Huihui Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2025, 23 (3): 183-188.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.03.010 Abstract （1292）   HTML （18）    PDF （1495KB）（1203）       Knowledge map    Objective To understand the diagnosis and treatment costs for patients with rifampicin-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in order to provide references for development or adjustment of the policies for this population group. Methods By stratified sampling and convenience sampling methods, we initially selected 6, 3 and 5 provinces from the eastern, central and western regions of China, respectively. Then one or two cities with higher degree of work cooperation was/were singled out from each province, and one designated medical institution with effective work cooperation was selected from each city for the survey. A questionnaire survey was conducted among rifampicin-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients who were treated from January to June 2021, and the economic burden of disease was analyzed. Results In this study, 162 patients underwent the survey. The mean total cost from the onset of symptoms to the completion of treatment was 109 452 (69 530, 182 365) yuan, of which the direct medical cost was 88 681 (58 967, 160 611) yuan, and the direct non-medical cost was 10 299 (4 710, 19 029) yuan. The mean indirect cost was 974 (0, 4 380) yuan. Self-paid expense was 68 052 (44 597, 93 761) yuan, with the proportion of individual payment being 63.78% (43.79%, 81.07%). The proportion of individual payment for direct medical expenses was 54.88% (36.10%, 78.21%), and the proportion was higher in western region [71.35% (48.78%, 96.10%)] and non-hospitalized patients [90.23% (65.90%, 100.00%)] (H=35.061, Z=38.650; all P <0.01). The incidence of catastrophic health expenditure of patients’ families was 96.25%. There were significant differences in the proportion of total out-of-pocket expenses in annual household income among patients with different education levels, occupations, regions, whether they were from families with the highest household income, or whether they were floating population (H=21.536, 38.579, 11.439; Z=2.931, -3.830; all P <0.01). The results of multivariate analysis showed that farmers (b=2.395, 95%CI: 1.249-3.541) and housework and unemployment (b=2.324, 95%CI: 0.753-3.894) were the risk factors for increased economic burden of patients compared with students and teachers. Conclusion The economic burden of patients with rifampicin-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in China is relatively heavy, especially the direct medical expenses are relatively high. Meanwhile, special attention should be paid to the economic burden of such tuberculosis victims as farmers, domestic workers and the unemployed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The registration status of asymptomatic tuberculosis among children aged 0-14 years in China from 2021 to 2024 GE Fangjun, WEN Yaxin, LI Jinhao, XU Caihong Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2025, 23 (6): 335-340.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.06.004 Abstract （1273）   HTML （12）    PDF （1693KB）（126）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the registration status of asymptomatic tuberculosis among children aged 0-14 years in China from 2021 to 2024 for evidence to optimize tuberculosis prevention and control strategies for children. Methods The data on tuberculosis cases with documented information in the symptom field across the country from 2021 to 2024 were retrieved from the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the distribution characteristics of asymptomatic tuberculosis cases among children aged 0-14 years across time, region, and population. Results From 2021 to 2024, a total of 3 344 asymptomatic tuberculosis cases in children aged 0-14 were enrolled in this study. The month with the highest cumulative number of registered asymptomatic tuberculosis cases among children was September (498 cases, 14.89%), while February had the lowest number (137 cases, 4.10%). By age distribution, asymptomatic tuberculosis in children was dominated by those aged 10-14 years (2 772 cases, 82.89%). The number of registered cases in males and females was 1 558 and 1 786, respectively, with a sex ratio of 0.87∶1. A total of 2 095 cases registered were from the Han ethnic group (62.65%), while ethnic minorities accounted for 1 249 cases (37.35%). The top three ethnic minorities with the highest cumulative registered cases were the Yi ethnic group (429 cases), Tibetan ethnic group (330 cases), and Miao ethnic group (123 cases). The cumulative registered cases in the eastern, central, and western regions were 531 (15.88%), 619 (18.51%), and 2 194 (65.61%), respectively. The top three provinces with the highest cumulative registered cases were Sichuan (748 cases), Guizhou (508 cases), and Yunnan (365 cases). The primary sources of case registering were contact tracing (1 183 cases, 35.38%) and referrals (1 086 cases, 32.48%). Conclusion Currently, asymptomatic tuberculosis among children in China predominantly occurred in the those aged 10-14 years, with majority of the cases observed in the western regions. In the future, it is essential to further strengthen prevention and control efforts in the western region, enhance the intensity of active screening, and improve standardized medication and management of children with asymptomatic tuberculosis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Current status of preventive treatment for tuberculosis and factors affecting its completion rate in China, 2021-2024 LI Jinhao, WEN Yaxin, GE Fangjun, HU Dongmei, XU Caihong Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2025, 23 (6): 324-329.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.06.002 Abstract （1267）   HTML （17）    PDF （1015KB）（158）       Knowledge map    Objective To understand the current status and trends of tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) in China from 2021 to 2024, so as to provide a reference for optimizing TPT strategies. Methods Relevant data on TPT from 2021 to 2024 were extracted from the National Tuberculosis Surveillance Report for 31 provinces and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps across China. The analysis covered the number of people who undergone TPT, treatment regimens, and completion rates. Henan, Jiangsu, and Xinjiang were selected as the survey provinces using convenience sampling method. Relevant anonymous data on latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) patients who received TPT from 2023 to 2024 were collected across the three provinces. A Firth’s penalized maximum likelihood estimation approach was used to identify the influencing factors associated with TPT completion. Results From 2021 to 2024, a total of 214 803 individuals received TPT, with annual numbers of 37 419, 37 514, 52 836, and 87 034, respectively. Between 2022 and 2024, a total of 137 891 individuals received short-course regimens, corresponding to 29 723, 41 623, and 66 545 individuals per year. From 2021 to 2023, a total of 88 670 individuals completed the TPT, with completion rates of 60.86%, 65.71%, and 78.06%, respectively. Among those who received TPT between 2022 and 2024, the highest proportion were students with close contact (42.06%, 74 605/177 384), and the highest utilization rate of the short-course regimen was among newly infected individuals in detention facilities (93.14%, 2 824/3 032). The top three provinces for TPT uptake from 2021 to 2024 were Sichuan (n=20 265; 9.43%), Guizhou (n=18 631; 8.67%), and Jiangsu (n=17 839; 8.30%). From 2022 to 2024, 19 provinces achieved a short-course utilization rate above 80.00%, with the highest in Hainan (99.57%, 689/692). In terms of the survey on influencing factors of TPT completion status, relevant data were collected from 853 cases of LTBI patients who received TPT, among whom 792 cases completed the full course, resulting in an overall completion rate of 92.85%. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that individuals receiving TPT at grassroots medical institutions had higher completion rates than those at disease prevention and control centers (OR=4.90, 95%CI: 1.32-18.05). Additionally, the course completion rate was significantly higher for the TPT regimen using Vaccae than for 3H2P2 (OR=4.86, 95%CI: 1.03-27.14). Conclusion In recent years, China has made substantial progress in scaling up TPT, with rapid expansion of short-course regimens. However, considerable disparities persist across regions and populations. Future efforts should focus on further expanding TPT coverage, optimizing the promotion mechanisms for the short-course regimen, and enhancing the accessibility, standardization, and adherence to TPT. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal clustering of hepatitis E in Jilin Province, 2005-2024 SHEN Xue, TIAN Xin, ZHAI Qianqian, ZHANG Yang, WANG Junfeng, YAO Laishun, HUANG Biao Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2025, 23 (3): 137-143.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.03.002 Abstract （1260）   HTML （14）    PDF （1568KB）（629）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal clustering of hepatitis E in Jilin Province for scientific evidences to precisely prevent and control this entity. Methods The data on hepatitis E cases reported in Jilin Province from 2005 to 2024 were collected through the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis E. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was conducted using ArcGIS software to determine the spatial clustering and hotspots of hepatitis E incidence, and spatio-temporal scan analysis was performed using SaTScan software. Results A total of 5 098 hepatitis E cases were reported in Jilin Province from 2005 to 2024, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 0.96/100 000. The reported incidence rate was the highest in 2007 (1.58/100 000), yet the lowest in 2020 (0.40/100 000). By the population genders, the average annual reported incidence rate was 1.40/100 000 in males (n=3 765), and 0.51/100 000 in females (n=1 333). The reported incidence rate was generally increased with age, peaking at the 60-64 age group (2.01/100 000). By occupation distribution, farmers were dominant (n=1 598; 31.35%). The reported cases showed a slight increase from November to May of the following year, totaling 3 209 cases (62.95%). The highest number of cases were seen in March (n=501; 9.83%). Spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that “High-High” clustering areas and hotspots of hepatitis E were primarily found in Liaoyuan City, Tonghua City, Siping City, and the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. Spatio-temporal scan analysis identified a total of 9 high-risk clusters of hepatitis E. Conclusion The incidence of hepatitis E in Jilin Province showed an overall declining trend from 2005 to 2024, yet exhibited a significant spatio-temporal clustering. Our findings suggest that it is essential to strengthen surveillance on hepatitis E in southern Jilin Province and border cities, as well as to implement prevention and control measures such as health education and vaccination programs for the key populations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal distribution of scarlet fever in Chengdu City, 2017-2023 LI Yongsheng, DU Xunbo, LONG Lu, WEI Rongjie, WANG Yao, WANG Liang Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2025, 23 (3): 171-175,182.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.03.008 Abstract （1244）   HTML （16）    PDF （3312KB）（369）       Knowledge map    Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal clustering of scarlet fever in Chengdu area for evidences to formulate scientific prevention and control measures for this acute respiratory infection. Methods Surveillance data of scarlet fever reported at each subdistrict/township of urban areas, counties, communities in Chengdu City from 2017 to 2023 were obtained from the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The epidemiological profile and temporal, spatial and population distribution were characterized, and spatial autocorrelation and spatiotemporal scan analyses were performed to identify clustering patterns. Results Between 2017 and 2023, a total of 4 433 scarlet fever cases were reported in Chengdu area. The annual incidence ranged from 1.41/100 000 to 7.50/100 000, and overall, the prevalence tended to decline (χ2trend=1 089.79, P<0.01). Seasonal peaks occurred in April-June (n=1 655; 37.33%) and November-January (n=1 336; 30.14%). The incidence was dominated by children aged 3-8 years (n=3 837; 86.56%). The reported cases were 2 669 for males and 1 764 for females, and the annually reported cases were higher in males than in females (n=2 669; 2.08/100 000 vs. n=1 764; 1.38/100 000). Qionglai City had the highest average annual incidence (13.68/100 000), whereas the most cases were from Xindu District (n=1 034; 23.33%). Spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed a significant spatial positive correlation in 2017-2019 and 2021-2023 (Moran’s I>0, Z>1.960, P<0.05), and that the hotspots were involved in the subdistricts/townships of Xindu, Qionglai, Shuangliu, and Longquanyi. Spatiotemporal scan analysis identified one primary cluster (Xindu District, January 2017-January 2019) and six secondary clusters. Conclusion The incidence of scarlet fever in Chengdu City exhibited a fluctuating downward trend with notable spatiotemporal clustering. Our findings suggest that surveillance, early warning, publicity and education should be intensified in key areas and key populations during the higher prevalence seasons to mitigate the disease burden. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological characteristics and spatial clustering of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Jilin Province from 2011 to 2023 ZHAI Qianqian, LIU Huihui, WANG Junfeng, CAI Jian, AN Guangxu, ZHANG Yang, YAO Laishun Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2025, 23 (3): 165-170.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.03.007 Abstract （1236）   HTML （13）    PDF （2315KB）（530）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal clustering of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Jilin Province from 2011 to 2023 for a reference to develop prevention and control measures in areas with higher incidence of HFRS. Methods HFRS case data reported in Jilin Province from 2011 to 2023 were retrieved from the Chinese Disease Control and Prevention Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze temporal, spatial, and population distribution. Global and local spatial autocorrelation analyses were performed using software ArcGIS. Results A total of 6 557 cases of HFRS, including 22 deaths, were reported in Jilin Province from 2011 to 2023, with an incidence rate of 1.87 per 100 000 population and the case fatality rate of 0.32%. The incidence rate was highest in 2014 (2.71/100 000), and the lowest in 2023 (0.66/100 000). HFRS cases were reported in each city (prefecture) of the Province. Meihekou City had the highest incidence (4.87/100 000). There were two epidemic peaks (March to June, and October to December), during which 2 660 (40.57%) and 1 918 cases (29.25%) were reported, respectively. The incidence rate was higher in males (2.87/100 000) than in females (0.82/100 000). The 50-59 age group had the highest incidence rate (2.76/100 000). Farmers constituted the majority of the cases (n=4 140, 63.14%). The spatial agglomeration analysis showed that the “high-high” agglomeration areas were mainly distributed in the eastern mountainous/semi-mountainous regions (Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Baishan City, Tonghua City, Changbai Mountain Administrative Committee, Meihekou City) and western meadow-wetland areas (Baicheng City). Conclusion From 2011 to 2023, HFRS incidence in Jilin Province showed a declining trend, yet exhibited a distinct seasonality and spatial clustering. High-risk areas were concentrated in the eastern mountainous/semi-mountainous regions and western meadow-wetland ecosystems. Middle-aged/elderly, males and farmers were the most affected demographic, warranting prioritized interventions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis patients complicated with diabetes in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2018 to 2024 ZULIHUMAER Aierken, KAILIBINU’ER Wumaier, GUZALINU’ER Aizezi, MAIWULAN Parehati, DONG Xiao, WANG Mingzhe, LIU Nianqiang Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2025, 23 (6): 348-352.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.06.006 Abstract （1229）   HTML （21）    PDF （1762KB）（108）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis with diabetes mellitus (PTB-DM) patients in Xinjiang for a scientific basis for following prevention and treatment of PTB-DM patients in the region. Methods The information of PTB-DM patients in Xinjiang from 2018 to 2024 were collected through the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics, and logistic regression model was used to identify influencing factors for PTB-DM. Results From 2018 to 2024, a total of 8 533 PTB-DM patients were registered in Xinjiang, accounting for 3.89% (8 533/219 199) of all pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases. The proportion was increased from 0.81% (593/72 786) in 2018 to 10.42% (1 807/17 338) in 2024. By temporal distribution, more cases were registered from March to May (n=2 896; 33.94%). Geographically, the highest number of cases was reported in Kashgar area (n=2 667), and Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture had the highest proportion of PTB-DM among PTB patients (14.77%). By population distribution, there were 4 611 males and 3 922 females (sex ratio 1.18∶1). The majority of cases were in patients aged ≥60 years (n=4 901; 57.44%), and the predominant occupation was associated with farmers (n=5 294; 62.04%). Among the patients, there were a relatively large number of etiologically positive cases (n=6 310; 73.95%). The majority of cases were identified through clinical symptomatic visits (n=6 673; 78.20%), and local residents (n=8 236; 96.52%) and treatment-naive patients (n=7 177; 84.11%) were predominant. In the PTB patients, higher proportions of PTB-DM were observed in the 31-59 age group (4.63%), retirees (15.79%), bacteriologically positive cases (6.18%), active screening cases (7.11%), floating residents (5.76%), and treatment-naive cases (4.01%). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the population aged 31-59 years old and ≥60 years old (OR=11.360, 95%CI: 9.296-13.882; OR=9.584, 95%CI: 7.830-11.732), those with a retired occupation (OR=1.761, 95%CI: 1.458-2.128) had a higher probability of developing PTB-DM. Conclusion The proportion of PTB-DM in Xinjiang is generally on the rise, with a relatively higher number of patients in the southern region. Middle-aged and elderly people, as well as retired individuals, had a higher probability of comorbidity. It is recommended to strengthen the bidirectional screening of PTB-DM in key areas and populations to achieve early detection and treatment of the disease. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Current status, challenges and perspectives on preventive treatment for latent tuberculosis infection in China XU Caihong, LI Jinhao, WEN Yaxin, ZHAO Yanlin Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2025, 23 (6): 319-323.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.06.001 Abstract （1207）   HTML （31）    PDF （1038KB）（185）       Knowledge map    Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global public health challenge. Individuals with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) constitute a substantial reservoir of potential future TB cases. Without effective interventions, this reservoir will persistently bring about new TB cases, sustaining the high TB epidemic. Both the World Health Organization and the United Nations High-Level Meeting on Tuberculosis have emphasized tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) as a cornerstone to end the tuberculosis epidemic. The National Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Plan (2024-2030), released in November 2024, has listed TPT as a key measure and required that the TPT rate for LTBI population among close contacts of tuberculosis patients should reach 80% and above by 2030. Currently, China faces numerous challenges in TPT, including insufficient funding, lower awareness among the public and healthcare workers, poor adherence among infected individuals, and the need for innovation in both infection detection technologies and preventive treatment regimens. Future efforts should focus on increasing financial investment, developing tailored TPT clinics to improve accessibility, strengthening health workers’ training and health promotion for infected individuals to boost TPT acceptance and adherence, and promoting research on innovative diagnostic technologies and shorter regimens to advance the rapid scale-up of TPT, so as to accelerate the decline of the TB epidemic, and ultimately contribute to achieving the goal to end TB throughout China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The registration status of asymptomatic tuberculosis among population aged 65 and above in China from 2021 to 2024 WEN Yaxin, LI Jinhao, GE Fangjun, HU Dongmei, XU Caihong Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2025, 23 (6): 330-334.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.06.003 Abstract （1203）   HTML （9）    PDF （1430KB）（168）       Knowledge map    Objective To understand the registration status of the elderly asymptomatic tuberculosis patients across the country, so as to provide a reference for prevention and control of asymptomatic tuberculosis in this population group. Methods The data on elderly tuberculosis patients with documented information in the symptom field across the country from 2021 to 2024 were retrieved from the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System.Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the registration situation of the aged asymptomatic tuberculosis patients, and the case data were compared between the elderly asymptomatic tuberculosis patients and symptomatic tuberculosis patients. Results From 2021 to 2024, a total of 314 725 elderly tuberculosis patients nationwide were enrolled in this study, among whom 38 915 were asymptomatic elderly tuberculosis patients, accounting for 12.36%. By temporal distribution, the number of elderly asymptomatic tuberculosis patients registered was the highest in August (n=3 937; 10.12%) and the lowest in February (n=2 292; 5.89%). In terms of population distribution, males (n=27 456; 70.55%), population at the 65-69 age group (n=13 962; 35.88%) and farmers (n=26 831; 68.95%) were dominant in the elderly asymptomatic tuberculosis patients registered. The number of elderly asymptomatic tuberculosis patients among retirees (16.58%) and those who moved from other provinces (20.49%) accounted for a relatively high proportion of the total number of elderly tuberculosis patients registered. By regional distribution, the number of elderly asymptomatic tuberculosis patients registered was the highest in the central regions (n=14 693; 37.76%), and the proportion of asymptomatic tuberculosis patients among elderly tuberculosis patients was the lowest in the western regions (9.96%, 13 002/130 593). In terms of case characteristics, the proportions of initial treatment, comorbidities of diabetes, mental illness and HIV/AIDS, and active detection were all higher in asymptomatic elderly tuberculosis patients than in symptomatic ones (91.91% vs. 89.54%; 13.90% vs. 10.35%, 0.20% vs. 0.11%, 0.56% vs. 0.46%; 7.00% vs. 2.80%, respectively). Additionally, the active detection rate of elderly patients with asymptomatic tuberculosis accounted for a relatively high percentage (26.07%) among the total registered elderly tuberculosis patients. Conclusion The differences exist in the registration proportions of elderly asymptomatic tuberculosis in China across different populations, regions, and case characteristics. In the future, effective measures should be taken to strengthen the active detection of the aged patients with asymptomatic tuberculosis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological feature of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in China from 2011 to 2023 HUANG Lulu, LIU Jingshu, ZHOU Zhengbin, LUO Zhuowei, LI Yuanyuan, CHEN Junhu, LI Shizhu Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2025, 23 (3): 131-136,148.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.03.001 Abstract （1199）   HTML （26）    PDF （4833KB）（1007）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT-ZVL) in China for references for the prevention and control of this infection. Methods Case information of MT-ZVL reported from 2011 to 2023 was obtained through the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System to establish the database. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the characteristics of MT-ZVL in temporal, spatial and population distribution. Results From 2011 to 2023, a total of 1 849 MT-ZVL cases were reported across China. The cases were distributed in Gansu (n=791), Shanxi (n=570), Shaanxi (n=179), Sichuan (n=138), Henan (n=107), Hebei (n=59) and Beijing (n=5). The high-incidence counties (cities, districts) included Wudu District of Longnan City (n=286), Zhouqu County (n=215), Pingding County (n=139), Tanchang County (n=117) and Jiaoqu District of Yangquan City (n=116). The overall number of cases tended to decline initially, followed by a resurgence. In terms of temporal distribution, more cases were reported between March and July (n=948; 51.27%), indicating a certain seasonality. By population distribution, the cases were dominated in the 1-year-old group (n=239; 12.93%), followed by the age groups of 50-59 (n=231; 12.49%), 60-69 (n=224; 12.11%). The majority of cases were males (n=1 195; 64.63%). Occupational distribution showed that farmers accounted for the highest proportion (n=740; 40.02%), followed by children living at home (n=587; 31.75%). Conclusion From 2011 to 2023, MT-ZVL in China remained at a low endemic level, with case numbers declining initially and rising thereafter, during which the epidemic area appeared gradually expanded. Gansu and Shanxi provinces were major hotspots, with cases concentrated in mountainous areas of Longnan, the southern part of Taihang Mountains and its extended hills areas. In recent years, the infection showed an increase trend in farmers and middle-aged and eldly population. Therefore, it is recommended to strengthen multi-sectoral collaboration under the One Health framework, and to carry out precise control strategies such as dog management, vector control, active surveillance, and scientific research innovation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics