Mpox virus has been outbreak and prevalent in many countries worldwide since 2022. Compared with the previous mpox virus strains, the 2022 epidemic mpox strains had gained significantly enhanced transmission ability and host adaptability, and the mpox lineage B.1 strains had become the dominant strains in the global epidemic of mpox. In this paper, we reviewed the genetic branches, virulence genes and protein functions of the mpox B.1 strains, and annotated the protein functions of some of the gene products, with an attempt to provide reference for the scientific prevention and control of mpox epidemics.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and occurrence trends of public health emergencies caused by other infectious diarrhea in Anhui Province in recent years, so as to provide strategic basis for the prevention and control of such infectious diseases. Methods The information related to public health emergencies caused by other infectious diarrhea reported in Anhui Province from 2018 to 2022 was retrieved through the Public Health Emergency Management Information System under the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and descriptively analyzed for the characteristics, including the event classification, temporal, regional and population distribution, and transmission routes. Results A total of 115 public health emergencies caused by other infectious diarrhea were reported in Anhui Province from 2018 to 2022, which cumulatively involved 5 822 cases. No death was reported. The events were primarily unclassified (78 events, 67.83%) and the rest were at general scale (37 events, 32.17%). Overall, the occurrence of events showed two peaks in spring (March) and fall/winter (October-December), with a cumulative number of 71 events (61.74%) and 3 831 cases (65.80%) in the four months reported. Temporal distribution varied in different years, among which 2020 and 2022 were in single peak distribution, and 2018, 2019 and 2021 were in bimodal distribution. Huangshan City (25 events, 21.74%), Hefei City (18 events, 15.65%) and Wuhu City (12 events, 10.43%) ranked the top three cities by the number of reported incidents, and Huangshan City (1 453 cases, 24.96%), Hefei City (976 cases, 16.76%) and Xuancheng City (721 cases, 12.38%) stood on the top three by the number of reported cases. The constituent ratio of the number of reported incidents in southern, central and northern Anhui was 53.04%, 40.00% and 6.96%, respectively, and the constituent ratio of the number of reported cases was 58.47%, 37.46% and 4.07%, respectively. Single transmission routes were mostly associated with daily life contact (84 cases, 90.32%), and multiple transmission routes were involved in daily life contact as well. The major place of occurrence of the incidents was in school campus (101 events, 87.83%). The pathogen was clearly identified in 103 incidents, in which norovirus infection predominated (100 events, 97.09%). Conclusion Prevention of public health emergencies caused by other infectious diarrhea in Anhui Province should focus on schools, and further strengthening routine monitoring and pathogen detection as well as targeted health education in order to reduce the risks of the incidents.

Objective To analyze the epidemic situation of amoebic dysentery in Yunnan Province for basis to scientifically formulate prevention and control strategies and measures. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the cases of amoebic dysentery reported in Yunnan Province in the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System from January 2005 to December 2020, and the characteristics of population, temporal and regional distribution were described in detail. Results From 2005 to 2020, a total of 3 315 cases of amoebic dysentery were reported in Yunnan Province, including 697 clinically diagnosed cases (21.03%) and 2 618 confirmed cases (78.97%). The average annual incidence was 0.46/100 000 and the annual incidence rate ranged from 0.06/100 000 to 1.45/100 000, with the highest in 2005 (1.45/100 000), and then fluctuated. In the reported cases, 1 838 (55.44%) were males and 1 477 (44.56%) were females, with a gender ratio of 1∶0.8. The most cases were under 10 years old (1 675 cases, 50.53%). The infection was most seen in children living at home and farmers, which accounted for 38.49% (1 276 cases) and 30.50% (1 011 cases), respectively. The reported cases were mainly concentrated from April to July (1 925 cases, 58.07%). In terms of regional distribution, the top three reported areas were Lincang City (1 526 cases, 46.03%), Chuxiong Prefecture (273 cases, 8.23%), and Honghe Prefecture (273 cases, 8.23%). Among the reported cases in Yunnan Province, 1 380 (41.63%) cases were reported in Gengma County, Lincang City. Conclusion The reported incidence of amebic dysentery in Yunnan Province exhibited a declining trend. The infection primarily affected children and farmers, and occurred most in Gengma County of Lincang City. The following efforts should focus on the health education on the key areas and the key population, as well as further improving the diagnosis capacity of medical institutions and the monitoring capabilities of disease control institutions so as to constantly boost the prevention and control level for amebic dysentery across the province.

Objective To understand the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of other infectious diarrhea (OID) in Hefei area for scientific basis to plan prevention and control measures against this infection. Methods The case data of OID reported and public health emergencies in Hefei City from 2012 to 2022 were derived from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the reported incidence, pathogen constituent ratio, attack rate and other indicators, and the characteristics of pathogen spectrum distribution and temporal, regional and population distribution. Results In total, 218 484 cases of OID were reported in Hefei area from 2012 to 2022. The annual reported incidence rate ranged from 158.40/100 000 to 370.50/100 000, with an average reported incidence rate of 245.85/100 000. The overall reported incidence rate tended to increase initially, and then decreased. The temporal distribution in a single year showed a bimodal distribution, the summer peak is from July to August, and the winter peak is from December to January of next year. Of the reported OID cases, 123 712 were males and 94 772 were females, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.31∶1, the average annual reported incidence rates of male and female were 271.34/100 000 and 219.01/100 000, respectively. Of all reported cases, 141 716 cases (64.86%) were people aged 5 years and below, 136 294 cases (62.38%) were scattered children. Pathogens were confirmed in 46 924 cases (21.48%) of the reported cases, which primarily involved viruses (44 694 cases, 95.25%). Diarrhea caused by rotavirus infection accounted for 88.01% (39 337/44 694) of the total cases of viral diarrhea. From 2012 to 2022, a total of 28 public health emergencies resulted from OID were reported in Hefei, with a total of 1 542 cases and 62 828 people affected. The total attack rate was 2.45%, 23 incidents were caused by norovirus infection, and 26 incidents occurred in schools. Conclusion The reported incidence of OID in Hefei City remains relatively higher. Children aged 5 and below should be the focus of prevention and control. Rotavirus is the important pathogen, and norovirus infection is responsible for the emergency. These findings suggest that it is necessary to strengthen the health education in key institutions such as schools and key population before the epidemic peak, execute monitoring and early warning, conduct risk assessment, improve the awareness of prevention and control of the masses, and totally implement prevention and control measures.

Objective To understand the pollution status of O1/O139 group Vibrio cholerae in aquatic products and water bodies in Wuzhou City for scientific evidences in following prevention and control tasks. Methods From 2012 to 2023, we conducted random sampling of the aquatic products and aquaculture pond water from farmers' markets and supermarkets in Wuzhou City annually from May to October, and collected the pond water and river water that was susceptible to contamination at designated points. The samples were all subjected to isolation and culturing for Vibrio cholerae as well as biochemical identification, serotype and virulence gene detection. Results In total, 4 844 samples of aquatic products and water bodies were monitored in Wuzhou City from 2012 to 2023. Vibrio cholerae was detected in 53 samples of O1/O139 group, with a total detection rate of 1.09%. Of the samples, 3 020 were from aquatic products and 1 824 from water bodies. The detection rate was 1.42% (43/3 020) for the former, and 0.55% (10/1 824) for the latter, with significant difference (χ²=8.056, P<0.05). The detection rate of Vibrio cholerae in aquatic products differed significantly in different months (χ²=16.053, P<0.05), and was higher in September (3.54%, 12/339) and lower in July (0.68%, 4/588).The difference of Vibrio cholera was significant in different types of aquatic products and water bodies (χ²=82.308, 15.752, respectively, both P<0.05). Higher detection rate was seen in frogs in aquatic products (10.27%, 23/224) and in aquaculture pond water (2.43%, 7/288). In the 53 strains detected, 22 were O1 serotype Ogawa, 24 were O1 serotype Inaba, and 7 were O139 type. CT virulence genes were all negative. Conclusion Pollution of Vibrio cholerae was seen in the aquatic products and water bodies in Wuzhou City. The findings suggest that it is necessary to further strengthen the monitoring efforts, timely understand the contamination status of Vibrio cholerae, and strictly prevent the occurrence of cholera epidemic.

Objective To analyze the incidence and epidemic trend of hepatitis E in Guangxi for evidence to formulate prevention and control of hepatitis E in the future. Methods The data of reported cases of hepatitis E in Guangxi from 2011 to 2021 were collected through the Infectious Disease Surveillance System of China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. The reported cases were defined as the population who were currently living Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the distribution characteristics of reported cases in region, time and population. Results A total of 14 699 cases of hepatitis E were reported in Guangxi from 2011 to 2021, with an average annual incidence of 2.75/100 000. The lowest reported incidence was 1.73/100 000 in 2020, and the highest reported incidence was 3.27/100 000 in 2016. The top five areas with higher average incidence were Yulin (5.22/100 000), Fangchenggang (4.23/100 000), Wuzhou (3.94/100 000), Guigang (3.93/100 000) and Guilin (3.48/100 000). The month with the highest number of reported cases was March (1 854 cases, 12.61%), and the number of reported cases in the first half of the year (8 498 cases) was slightly higher than that in the second half of the year (6 201 cases).There were 10 309 male cases and 4 390 female cases, with a male to female ratio of 2.35∶1, the average annual reported incidence rates of male and female were 3.76/100 000 and 1.73/100 000, respectively. The disease occurred in any age group, and with the increase of age, the incidence of hepatitis E in Guangxi showed a upward trend. The highest incidence was in the 50-59 age group (3 507 cases, 23.86%). In the occupational distribution, farmers had the largest number of cases (9 726 cases, 66.17%). Conclusion In recent years, the incidence of hepatitis E in Guangxi has generally increased first and then decreased. Yulin and other cities are the high-risk areas. Men, farmers, middle-aged and the old are the high-risk groups. These findings suggest that we should further strengthen the monitoring of key areas and key populations, and actively carry out health promotion to reduce the harm of hepatitis E to the masses.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics in the extant patients with hepatic fibrosis resulting from schistosomiasis in Jiangxi Province for scientific basis to precisely manage and treatment this group of patients. Methods The basic information, including the gender, age, education level, occupation, endemic type and epidemic category of schistosomiasis, were collected from the liver fibrosis patients in Jiangxi Province in 2021. The liver fibrosis was graded according to B-ultrasound examination, and then the data were descriptively analyzed concerning the characteristics of temporal, regional and population as well as the severity of hepatic fibrosis. Results In 2021, there were 17 575 patients with liver fibrosis from schistosomiasis in Jiangxi Province. The average age was (64.9±12.6) years, and the male to female ratio was 1.45∶1. The education level was mainly junior high school and below (96.83%, 17 017/17 575), and the occupation was mostly farmers (90.09%, 15 833/17 575). The cases were primarily distributed in areas under transmission control, including Jiujiang City (7 546 cases), Shangrao City (7 072 cases) and Nanchang City (2 192 cases). The proportion of patients with grade Ⅰ, grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ liver fibrosis was 36.03% (6 333/17 575), 52.38% (9 206/17 575) and 11.58% (2 036/17 575), respectively. The liver fibrosis grades of patients in the marshland and hilly endemic areas were mainly grade Ⅱ, accounting for 46.40% (4 004/8 630) and 58.16% (5 202/8 945), respectively. Hepatic fibrosis of grade Ⅱ was most seen in the transmission control and elimination areas, which accounted for 49.48% (4 109/8 305) and 71.19% (4 149/5 828), respectively, whereas grade Ⅰ predominated in the transmission interuption areas(69.67%, 2 398/3 442). There were significant differences in the constituent ratio of liver fibrosis grading in patients with different epidemic types and epidemic categories (χ²=248.21, H=509.81, both P<0.05). The grade of liver fibrosis was mainly grade Ⅰ in patients aged 40 years and below, and grade Ⅱ in those over 40 years. However, grade Ⅲ fibrosis was the lowest in patients of any age group, and the composition ratio of liver fibrosis grading in different age groups was significantly different (H=204.89, P<0.05). Conclusion Patients with liver fibrosis resulting from schistosomiasis in Jiangxi Province are mainly distributed in transmission-controlled areas, and the degree of liver fibrosis is mostly grade Ⅰ and grade Ⅲ. These results suggest that provision with early screening and precise intervention in the population can effectively prevent the development of chronic schistosomiasis from advanced schistosomiasis.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and management of varicella outbreaks in Changsha City for references in following planning targeted prevention and control measures for this prevalence. Methods The data of epidemiological investigation reports and management on varicella outbreaks reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in different districts and counties of Changsha City were collected from 2012 to 2022, and then analyzed regarding the characteristics of temporal, regional and population distribution of chickenpox outbreaks, profile of class aggregation, vaccination coverage, reporting interval, epidemic scale and management procedures. Results From 2012 to 2022, a total of 101 varicella outbreaks were reported in Changsha, with 3 236 cases reported. No death occurred. The outbreak peaked between October and December, with reported incidents accounting for 62.38% (63/101) of the year. The incidents and cases were the highest in Liuyang City, accounting for 56.44% (57/101) and 53.86% (1 743/3 236), respectively. The main place of outbreak was primary school, with 78.22% (79/101) of incidents and 83.16% (2 691/3 236) of cases reported. Among the 100 outbreaks of varicella the occurred in schools, cluster classes accounted for 13.37% (325/2 431), with the highest in kindergarten (21.51%, 37/172). In addition, 57 outbreaks occurred in schools were investigated for vaccination status, the vaccination coverage was 27.63% (454/1 643). The median case number of outbreaks was 27 (19, 38), and median interval between the onset of the first case and reporting of the outbreak was 17 (8, 21) days. The median duration of outbreak was 32 (20, 49) days. The time interval between the onset of the first case and reporting of the epidemic as well as duration of the outbreak presented an increasing trend from 2012 to 2022 (Z=2.516, 2.606, both P<0.05). Conclusion Outbreaks of varicella in Changsha City tended to fall from initial rising, and generally occurred in primary schools. The vaccination coverage remains relatively lower, and the overall reporting interval and duration of the epidemic indicate an increasing trend. These findings suggest that following efforts should focus on improving vaccination coverage, early diagnosis and timely reporting.

Objective To investigate the infection status and epidemiological characteristics of TORCH (Toxoplasma gondii, TOX; rubella virus, RV; cytomegalovirus, CMV; herpes simplex virus, HSV) infection in the infants in southern Anhui area in recent years for references for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of related infections in children. Methods The results of serum IgM and IgG antibody tests for TORCH infection in infants aged 0 to 3 years old diagnosed in the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College between April 2016 and March 2023 were reviewed, and the positive rates of TORCH infection in different ages and years were also comparatively analyzed. Results A total of 8 199 infants (4 631 males and 3 568 females) aged 0 to 3 years underwent serological tests for screening TORCH infection. The positive rate of IgM in the infants was 0.11%, 0.20%, 0.89%, 0 and 0, respectively, for TOX, RV, CMV, HSV Ⅰ and HSV Ⅱ. The difference was significant (χ²=100.000, P<0.05). The corresponding positive rate of IgG was 10.81%, 78.36%, 98.32%, 82.38% and 13.45%, respectively (χ²=22 828.211, P<0.05). Comparing different age groups, the positive rate of CMV-IgM was higher in infant group (11.90%) than that in newborn group (0.20%) and young children group (1.40%), with statistical difference (χ²=672.920, 20.569, both P<0.017). The positive rates of TOX-IgG, RV-IgG, CMV-IgG, HSV Ⅰ-IgG, and HSV Ⅱ-IgG were higher in newborn group (11.01%, 79.88%, 98.76%, 85.35%, 13.72%) than those in infant group (6.71%, 49.35%, 96.54%, 50.87%, 9.74%) (χ²=8.369, 237.184, 16.033, 373.121, 5.902, respectively, all P<0.017). Comparison of the differences among years showed that the positive rate of CMV-IgM was the highest in 2016 (χ²=15.816, P<0.05). The positive rates of TOX-IgG, RV-IgG, CMV-IgG, HSV Ⅰ-IgG and HSV Ⅱ-IgG were significantly different among years (χ²=216.002, 90.545, 37.047, 59.527, 57.623, respectively, all P<0.05). Conclusion Previous TORCH infection in infants aged 0 to 3 years in southern Anhui Province was mainly caused by CMV, HSV Ⅰ, and RV, and current infection is dominated by CMV. Screening for TORCH infection in infants is very important to protect children's health. In addition, reasonable pregnancy planning, prenatal health care and screening in pregnant women are essential to prevent TORCH infection.

Objective To understand the effects of differences in intervention targets, interventions, and intervention time on the outcomes of health education for children with enterobiasis for reference in providing accurate health education interventions. Methods Articles were retrieved in Chinese and English electronic databases, including SinoMed, Wanfang Data, CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Scoups. The retrieved articles were subjected to further screening according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and appraised for the literature quality. Finally, the health education intervention for pinworm disease of children was analyzed using qualitative analysis based on the list of PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) declaration item. Results A total of 1 119 articles were retrieved, and 13 were included in this systematic review. In the health education on pinworm infection, the intervention measures were in the form of a composite of "health education and intervention + group medication", with an interval of 3 months between interventions, and the effect of the health education and intervention appeared relatively good, without differentiating the infection status or involvement of the uninfected children. Conclusion Three factors, namely the intervention object, the intervention and the implementation time of the intervention should be comprehensively considered, so as to achieve the best effect of health education intervention when carrying out health education on pinworm infection in children.

This article reports a case of severe anemia caused by multiple parasitic parasites. The patient was admitted due to dizziness, fatigue, and sweating profusely. Laboratory studies indicated the red blood cell count being 0.76×10¹²/L, hemoglobin being 15.0 g/L, hematocrit being 0.06%, average red blood cell hemoglobin content being 19.7 pg, and average red blood cell hemoglobin concentration being 234 g/L. Blood transfusion and fluid replacement treatment were given, and the patient was discharged after the symptoms were improved. However, the patient was readmitted due to increased dizziness and fatigue. Routine fecal examination revealed hookworms, roundworms and whipworm eggs, while endoscopic examination revealed live parasitic hookworms. Based on the patient's clinical symptoms, epidemiological history, laboratory and pathogen testing results, the diagnosis was established as lower gastrointestinal bleeding resulting from parasitic infection. After receiving treatment with parasitic deworming drugs and corresponding symptomatic treatment, the patient's condition was improved and discharged from hospital.

This article reports one case of pulmonary and cerebral paragonimiasis caused by ingestion of the first intermediate host, the snail. The clinical symptoms, including cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, and paroxysmal seizures, were present in this patient. Laboratory examination showed an increase in eosinophils. Chest CT exhibited patchy high-density shadows with bilateral pleural effusion and right pneumothorax. Head CT and MRI displayed low-density shadows and "tunnel signs". Paragonimus IgG antibodies were positive, and the condition improved significantly after treatment with praziquantel. This case report aims to improve the awareness and understanding of paragonimiasis among clinical doctors, and provide reference for the prevention and treatment of paragonimiasis.

The intestinal symbiotic bacteria in mosquitoes are the microbiota that live together with mosquitoes in the gut for a long time, maintain the stability of the gut microbiota, and participate in adjusting the social management functions of mosquitoes in multiple aspects. In this paper, we reviewed the factors affecting intestinal symbionts and their functions in mosquito nutrition, immunity, reproduction and drug resistance for reference in following investigation.