Epidemiological feature of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in China from 2011 to 2023

doi:10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.03.001

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT-ZVL) in China for references for the prevention and control of this infection. Methods Case information of MT-ZVL reported from 2011 to 2023 was obtained through the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System to establish the database. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the characteristics of MT-ZVL in temporal, spatial and population distribution. Results From 2011 to 2023, a total of 1 849 MT-ZVL cases were reported across China. The cases were distributed in Gansu (n=791), Shanxi (n=570), Shaanxi (n=179), Sichuan (n=138), Henan (n=107), Hebei (n=59) and Beijing (n=5). The high-incidence counties (cities, districts) included Wudu District of Longnan City (n=286), Zhouqu County (n=215), Pingding County (n=139), Tanchang County (n=117) and Jiaoqu District of Yangquan City (n=116). The overall number of cases tended to decline initially, followed by a resurgence. In terms of temporal distribution, more cases were reported between March and July (n=948; 51.27%), indicating a certain seasonality. By population distribution, the cases were dominated in the 1-year-old group (n=239; 12.93%), followed by the age groups of 50-59 (n=231; 12.49%), 60-69 (n=224; 12.11%). The majority of cases were males (n=1 195; 64.63%). Occupational distribution showed that farmers accounted for the highest proportion (n=740; 40.02%), followed by children living at home (n=587; 31.75%). Conclusion From 2011 to 2023, MT-ZVL in China remained at a low endemic level, with case numbers declining initially and rising thereafter, during which the epidemic area appeared gradually expanded. Gansu and Shanxi provinces were major hotspots, with cases concentrated in mountainous areas of Longnan, the southern part of Taihang Mountains and its extended hills areas. In recent years, the infection showed an increase trend in farmers and middle-aged and eldly population. Therefore, it is recommended to strengthen multi-sectoral collaboration under the One Health framework, and to carry out precise control strategies such as dog management, vector control, active surveillance, and scientific research innovation.

Key words: Mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis, Kala-azar, Epidemiological feature, China

CLC Number:

R531.6

HUANG Lulu, LIU Jingshu, ZHOU Zhengbin, LUO Zhuowei, LI Yuanyuan, CHEN Junhu, LI Shizhu. Epidemiological feature of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in China from 2011 to 2023[J]. Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology, 2025, 23(3): 131-136,148.

Figures/Tables 8

Figure 1

Figure 2

Table 1

Table 2

Regional distribution of MT-ZVL cases in China from 2011 to 2023

省份	县（市、区）及病例数（例）	病例总数（例）	构成比（%）
甘肃省	武都区（286）、舟曲县（215）、宕昌县（117）、文县（63）、迭部县（48）、西和县（18）、礼县（10）、麦积区（7）、清水县（6）、环县（4）、庆城县（3）、秦州区（3）、镇原县（3）、成县（2）、通渭县（2）、康县（1）、永靖县（1）、甘谷县（1）、秦安县（1）	791	42.78
山西省	平定县（139）、阳泉市郊区（116）、阳泉市矿区（55）、阳泉市城区（39）、襄汾县（30）、曲沃县（26）、盂县（24）、武乡县（22）、乡宁县（21）、襄垣县（17）、河津市（10）、浮山县（8）、潞城区（8）、潞州区（8）、大宁县（7）、尧都区（6）、高平市（6）、昔阳县（5）、绛县（4）、沁县（3）、侯马市（2）、翼城县（2）、临县（1）、五台县（1）、和顺县（1）、垣曲县（1）、屯留区（1）、文水县（1）、榆社县（1）、沁水县（1）、洪洞县（1）、石楼县（1）、陵川县（1）、黎城县（1）	570	30.83
陕西省	韩城市（70）、华州区（38）、临渭区（24）、宝塔区（10）、宜川县（8）、宁强县（5）、清涧县（5）、延长县（4）、绥德县（4）、延川县（3）、镇巴县（3）、子洲县（1）、渭城区（1）、澄城县（1）、碑林区（1）、高新区（1）	179	9.68
四川省	九寨沟县（40）、黑水县（38）、汶川县（23）、茂县（19）、理县（9）、北川羌族自治县（7）、平武县（2）	138	7.46
河南省	林州市（36）、巩义市（19）、新安县（14）、登封市（14）、荥阳市（6）、新密市（4）、龙安区（3）、偃师区（2）、孟津区（2）、上街区（1）、孟津县（1）、嵩县（1）、涧西区（1）、淇滨区（1）、灵宝市（1）、禹州市（1）	107	5.79
河北省	井陉县（34）、曲阳县（5）、井陉矿区（4）、信都区（4）、高碑店市（3）、临城县（2）、唐县（1）、平山县（1）、易县（1）、涉县（1）、涞源县（1）、赞皇县（1）、阜平县（1）	59	3.19
北京市	昌平区（2）、门头沟区（2）、延庆区（1）	5	0.27

Table 2

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Table 3

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Figure 5

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特征	病例数（例）	构成比（%）	特征	病例数（例）	构成比（%）
性别			≥80	8	0.43
男性	1 195	64.63	职业
女性	654	35.37	农民	740	40.02
年龄（岁）			散居儿童	587	31.75
<1	125	6.76	学生	173	9.36
1	239	12.93	家务及待业	91	4.92
2	115	6.22	工人	52	2.81
3~4	118	6.38	幼托儿童	52	2.81
5~9	124	6.71	离退人员	49	2.65
10~19	109	5.90	干部职员	22	1.19
20~29	97	5.25	教师	11	0.59
30~39	152	8.22	商业服务	10	0.54
40~49	203	10.98	牧民	10	0.54
50~59	231	12.49	民工	9	0.49
60~69	224	12.11	其他	26	1.41
70~79	104	5.62	不详	17	0.92