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Role and mechanism of melatonin in the treatment of infectious diseases GAO Yang, GUAN Fei, LEI Jiahui Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (5): 315-320.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.05.012 Abstract （158）   HTML （1）    PDF （935KB）（1404）       Knowledge map    Melatonin (MT) is an endogenous hormone that acts as a safe and effective sleep aid for regulating the circadian cycle. In addition to its traditional functions, more researches suggest that MT can play an important role in the treatment of infectious diseases. The therapeutic mechanism of MT in infectious diseases mainly involves the effect of reducing tissue damage caused by infection via regulating oxidative stress and enhancing immune function induced by regulating circadian rhythm to recruit immune cells. Moreover, MT can exert an anti-inflammatory effect by regulating Th1/Th2 development and differentiation, NF-κB phosphorylation and so on, and affect the apoptosis pathway to play a certain anti-infective effect. Based on the above functions of MT, this article summarizes the research status and mechanism of MT in the treatment of infectious diseases in order to provide a theoretical basis for the application of MT against infection in clinical settings. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in population aged 6 and over in Changsha, 2013-2022 XIAO Huihui, YANG Dong, DAI Zhihui, ZHOU Yinzhu Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (3): 172-176.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.03.008 Abstract （271）   HTML （18）    PDF （2722KB）（609）       Knowledge map    Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in the population aged 6 and above in Changsha, Hunan Province, for scientific basis in prevention and control of this infection. Methods The basic information of reported cases of HFMD in Changsha from 2013 to 2022 was obtained through the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, and the etiological monitoring data of hand-foot-mouth disease in each county (city, district) were collected. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the temporal, regional and population distribution and pathogenic composition of the cases. Results A total of 14 889 cases of HFMD were reported in the population aged 6 and above from 2013 to 2022, which accounted for 5.04% of the total number of HFMD cases. No severe or fatal cases were reported. The average annual reported incidence was 19.54 per 100 000. The proportion of cases in this group showed an increasing trend in the total number of cases (χ2trend=1 658.760, P<0.01). The annual peak of the disease occurred in April to July. Of the reported cases, 8 526 were males, and 6 363 females, with a sex ratio of 1.34∶1. The median age was 7 (6, 10) years old. Maximum age was 91 years old, and the proportion of 6-15 years old was 88.09% (13 116/14 889). The occupation distribution was mainly involved in students, accounting for 55.97% (8 334/14 889). The average annual reported incidence within the urban areas (Yuhua District, Kaifu District, Yuelu District, Furong District and Tianxin District) was 24.70/100 000, which was higher than that in the suburbs (Changsha County, Liuyang City, Ningxiang City and Wangcheng District; 12.75/100 000). Etiological monitoring showed that the positive rate of enterovirus in pathogenic specimens was 50.49% (156/309). The composition of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), coxasckievirus A16 (CV-A16) and other enteroviruses was 5.77% (9/156), 37.18% (58/156) and 57.05% (89/156), respectively. Conclusion From 2013 to 2022, the proportion of HFMD cases in the population aged 6 and above in Changsha area showed an increasing trend, mainly other enteroviruses. Our findings suggest that attention should be paid to the prevention of HFMD in population aged 6 and above, strengthen the prevention and control measures of hand-foot-mouth disease in primary and secondary schools, and do a good job in monitoring other enterovirus typing. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological characteristics of imported dengue fever in China from 2005 to 2023 YUE Yujuan, LUN Xinchang, DONG Chaoliang Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (4): 198-203.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.04.002 Abstract （347）   HTML （36）    PDF （6509KB）（475）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of imported dengue fever cases in China for scientific evidences to plan prevention and control measures for this infection. Methods Imported dengue fever cases in China from 2005 to 2023 were collected from the Information System for Disease Prevention and Control in China. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the temporal, spatial and demographic characteristics of imported cases. Software R was used to draw the hotspot chart and Sankey map. Results From 2005 to 2023, a total of 14 376 imported dengue fever cases were reported nationwide. The overall numbers of cases showed a rapid upward trend (except for 2020-2022). The trend in the number of affected counties (cities/districts) was basically consistent with that in the number of cases. The imported cases were generally distributed in 1 454 counties (cities/districts) of 293 cities in 30 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government). The provinces with a higher number of imported cases included Yunnan (5 778 cases, 40.19%), Guangdong (2 634 cases, 18.32%), Fujian (1 165 cases, 8.10%), Zhejiang (1 105 cases, 7.69%), Sichuan (469 cases, 3.26%) and Hunan (457 cases, 3.18%). The infections were mainly imported from Myanmar (5 260 cases, 36.59%), Cambodia (3 830 cases, 26.64%), Thailand (996 cases, 6.93%), Philippines (615 cases, 4.28%), Malaysia (552 cases, 3.84%), Laos (527 cases, 3.67%), Indonesia (428 cases, 2.98%) and Vietnam (416 cases, 2.89%). The imported cases pictured seasonally, and were concentrated in summer and autumn, waved between June and November nationwide. The peak period of imported cases was from August to November in Yunnan Province, and from June to October in Guangdong, Fujian, and Zhejiang provinces. The ratio of Chinese and foreign cases was 4.23∶1. The male to female ratio of the cases was 2.01∶1. The age of the victims was mainly in 21-50 years (10 967 cases, 76.29%). The main occupations of the patients were farmers/migrant workers (4 268 cases, 29.69%), commercial services staff (2 667 cases, 18.55%) and housework & unemployment (1 894 cases, 13.71%). Conclusion Imported dengue fever in China presented seasonal characteristics, mainly from Myanmar and Cambodia and imported into Yunnan and Guangdong. The infections affected more males than females, with age group and occupational aggregation characteristics. The findings suggest that dengue fever prevention and control should be carried out in key populations according to time and place. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the surveillance results of dengue vector Aedes in Chongqing area from 2019 to 2023 XIAO Hansen, TU Taotian, WANG Zheng, ZHANG Ying, WEI Jing, JI Hengqing Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (4): 204-207.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.04.003 Abstract （280）   HTML （14）    PDF （2341KB）（470）       Knowledge map    Objective To understand the density and seasonal fluctuation of Aedes mosquitoes, vectors of dengue fever, in Chongqing area for scientific basis to formulate corresponding prevention and control strategies for dengue fever. Methods The results of Aedes vector surveillance were collected from 39 districts (counties) in Chongqing area from 2019 to 2023. The surveillance was monthly conducted every year from April to November. The adult and juvenile Aedes vector mosquitoes were monitored in different habitats across the city by double-layer tent method and Breitau index method, respectively. The data of dengue fever cases reported in Chongqing area in the corresponding periods were collected through China Disease Prevention and Control Information System and analyzed. Results From 2019 to 2023, the average net lure index of adult mosquitoes was 1.63 mosquitoes / (net·h), and the net lure index were 2.23, 1.82 and 0.83 mosquitoes / (net·h), respectively, for residential areas, old tire dump/scrap station/construction sites and park/bamboo forests. The average Braito index of mosquito larvae was 5.25, and the average annual Braito index were 66.77 and 20.64, respectively for waste dumps and hospitals. The annually Braito index were relatively lower in residential areas (4.38), parks (4.12) and construction sites (2.46). From 2019 to 2023, a total of 1 539 cases of dengue fever were reported in Chongqing area, including 269 imported cases and 1 270 local infections. Cases were mainly reported in 2019 (168 imported cases and 1 243 local cases) and 2023 (95 imported cases and 27 local cases). All local infections were concentrated between August and November. The number of imported cases was correlated with the number of local infections (r=0.857, P<0.05). Conclusion The surveillance and control of Aedes vector in residential areas, hospitals, waste dumps and other habitats should be intensified in Summer and Autumn to control the mosquito vector density within the transmission risk threshold. Meanwhile, the possibility of local cases or even spot clusters caused by imported cases should be prevented. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Current status, prevention and control of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China ZHENG Zhangqi, LIN Qihan, DU Shanshan, HUANG Xiaoxia, LI Jiandong Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (3): 129-132.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.03.001 Abstract （421）   HTML （30）    PDF （966KB）（360）       Knowledge map    Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a statutory infectious disease of Class B, which has been widely prevalent in China and is posing a serious threat to the public health. For many years, under the leadership of the government and joint efforts of multiple sections to fully implement comprehensive prevention and control measures, HFRS has been effectively controlled, and the overall incidence has entered a period of fluctuations at low-level. However, the affected areas have continued to expand, and new foci of virus transmission are still emerging and the number of cases has been significantly increasing in some areas in certain years. This brings a new challenge to the prevention and control of HFRS. Further consolidating the achievements of prevention and control, reducing the incidence and mortality of HFRS still remain one of the most pressing challenges to be addressed by the current public health system. In order to provide references for the prevention and control of HFRS in China under the new situation, we attempt in this article to conduct a systematical analysis of the pathogenic characteristics, current epidemic situation as well as the strategies and measures for the prevention and control of HFRS in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the relationship between severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and meteorological factors in Chaohu City based on distributed lag non-linear model LIU Kunpeng, ZHU Qixing Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (3): 177-182.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.03.009 Abstract （253）   HTML （11）    PDF （1498KB）（336）       Knowledge map    Objective To investigate the relationship between severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and meteorological factors in Chaohu City for scientific basis for prevention and control of SFTS. Methods Daily cases of SFTS in Chaohu area from 2013 to 2022 were retrieved from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, and meteorological data during the same period were obtained through the Resources and Environmental Science Data Platform. The reference values were set based on the median of weekly average temperature (17.4℃), weekly average pressure (1 012.8 hPa), weekly sunshine duration (33.4 h) and the minimum weekly precipitation (0 mm). Then the distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used to analyze the relationship between weekly SFTS cases and meteorological factors. Results In total, 231 cases of SFTS were reported in Chaohu area from 2013 through 2022. The annual incidence ranged from 0.63 per 100 000 to 5.78 per 100 000 population, with an average annual incidence at 2.93 per 100 000, and the overall trend of the annual incidence was on the rise (Z=3.04, P<0.01). Of the reported cases, 113 were males and 118 females, with average annual incidence being 2.90 per 100 000 and 2.97 per 100 000, respectively. By age group, the reported cases and incidence were the highest in population aged ≥60 years (175 cases, 10.54 per 100 000). The response curve of weekly SFTS incidence risk to weekly average temperature, weekly average pressure and sunshine duration was almost in inverted V-shape, and the response curve to weekly precipitation approximately presented half U-shape. The cumulative relative risk (CRR) of SFTS was the highest when the weekly average temperature was 22.4 ℃ [CRR=9.210, 95%CI: (0.832, 118.353)], and the risk of SFTS was increased when the weekly average temperature was 17.5-21.8 ℃ (P<0.05). When the weekly average pressure was 1 015.5 hPa, the CRR of SFTS was the highest [CRR=1.877, 95%CI: (0.649, 5.435)]. The risk of SFTS was decreased when weekly average pressure was 998.7-1 012.7 hPa and 1 022.1-1 031.5 hPa (P<0.05). The highest CRR of SFTS [CRR=1.024, 95%CI: (0.882, 1.188)] was seen at the sunshine duration being 31.0 h, and the risk of SFTS was decreased upon the sunshine duration being >39.3 h (P<0.05). The higher the weekly precipitation, the higher the risk of SFTS (P<0.05). Conclusions There is a nonlinear relationship between the cases of SFTS and meteorological factors. Suitable temperature and abundant precipitation are conducive to the occurrence of SFTS, yet high pressure and sunshine duration are unfavorable to the occurrence of SFTS. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Infection status of Anisakis in the marketed marine fish from the Bohai Strait and the Bohai Bay in 2023 CHEN Yao, WANG Yongbin, WANG Longjiang, LIU Jiancheng, XU Yan, LI Yuejin, LÜ Wenxiang, LI Dan, YAN Ge, ZHANG Benguang, BU Cancan Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (3): 183-187.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.03.010 Abstract （297）   HTML （11）    PDF （1110KB）（313）       Knowledge map    Objective To understand the infection status and morphological identification of Anisakis in the marketed marine fish captured from the Bohai Strait and the Bohai Bay for evidence to plan the prevention and control measures for this parasite. Methods In the spring and winter of 2023, we obtained the marine fish that was caught from the Bohai Strait and the Bohai Bay sold in the coastal markets, and detected Anisakis infection status in the fish samples. Then the detected species were subjected to morphological analysis and intergeneric identification, and the differences in Anisakis infection among fish species, and internal parasitic site were also analyzed. Results In this study, no Anisakis nematodes were detected in the 91 fish samples of 7 species from the Bohai Bay. A total of 210 marine fish samples of 21 species from the Bohai Strait were investigated, in which Anisakis was detected in 48 samples of 11 species. The positive detection rate was 22.86%. A total of 1 370 Anisakis were detected, with an average infection intensity of 28.54 nematodes in individual fish. The top three detection rate for the 48 marine fish was Lophiiformes (100%, 14/14), Trichiurus lepturus (100%, 10/10), and Platycephalus indicus (80.00%, 8/10), and the top three fish species in terms of infection intensity were associated with Lophiiformes (69.00 larvae/fish), Trichiurus lepturus (24.70 larvae/fish) and Ditrema temmincki Bleeker (19.00 larvae/fish). The main parasitic sites of the fish found during physical examination were the intestine, mesentery, abdominal cavity, etc., and no infection was found in the cloaca. The correlation analysis showed that the body weight of Lophiiformes and Trichiurus lepturus were positively correlated with the infection of Anisakis (r=0.77, 0.67, respectively, all P<0.01). In total, 1 226 intact third stage larvae of Anisakis were obtained, and morphologically identified as Anisakis spp.(767 larvae) and Hysterothylacium spp.(459 larvae). Conclusion In current survey, no Anisakis was detected in the marine fish in the Bohai Bay, yet Anisakis infection is relatively serious in fish in the Bohai Strait, and these pathogenic nematodes are mainly involved in Anisakis spp. and Hysterothylacium spp. Our findings suggest that it is necessary to strengthen the health education on anisakiasis in local population in order to reduce the risk of this disease. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation on the contamination status of Echinococcus eggs in environmental samples in Longbaotan, Qinghai Province in 2023 SUN Chenqing, YANG Shijie, HAN Shuai, WANG Xu, CHEN Junhu, HONG Yang, ZHANG Ting, ZHANG Renjie, HE Gengcheng, MA Xiao, ZHAO Cunzhe, GONG Chunhua, WANG Jipeng, ZHOU Xiaonong Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (3): 164-171.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.03.007 Abstract （250）   HTML （7）    PDF （1299KB）（296）       Knowledge map    Objective To investigate the environmental contamination status of Echinococcus eggs in Longbaotan area of Qinghai Province for evidence to formulate targeted measures in controlling echinococcosis. Methods From March to April 2023, we collected different types of environmental samples, including canine feces, animal hair, water, soil, grass and food, from the dog households, main streets in the villages and wild areas. PCR technology was used to detect Echinococcus eggs in the samples from different sources, and the detection rate of eggs was compared. ArcGIS software combined with ASTER GDEM elevation data was used to make the elevation map of sample distribution. Results A total of 400 environmental samples were harvested. The total detection rate of Echinococcus eggs was 13.50% (54/400). Of the samples obtained, 138 were canine feces, 75 animal hair, 13 water, 114 soil, 37 grass and 23 food, in which the detection rate of Echinococcus eggs was 30.43% (42/138), 5.33% (4/75), 15.38% (2/13), 5.26% (6/114), 0 (0/37) and 0 (0/23), respectively. Among 138 aliquots of canine faeces, the animals hosts were failed to be identified in the 19 aliquots of wild canine feces by PCR. Of the other 119 samples, the detection rates of Echinococcus egg in the feces of dog, Tibetan fox and red fox were 11.29% (7/62), 48.84% (21/43) and 50.00% (7/14), respectively, with significant difference (χ2=20.481, P<0.05). The egg detection rates of Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus were 2.17% (3/138), 18.12% (25/138) and 16.67% (23/138), respectively, with significant difference (χ2=19.858, P<0.05). In the 75 animal hair samples, the detection rates of Echinococcus egg in dog hair and cow hair were 6.06% (4/66) and 0 (0/9), respectively, with no significant difference (P>0.05). Of the 13 water samples, the detection rates of Echinococcus egg in wild river and streams, village well water and stagnant water were 20.00% (2/10), 0 (0/2) and 0 (0/1), respectively, with no significant difference (P>0.05). Among the 114 soil samples, the detection rates of Echinococcus egg in dog households, main streets and fields were 15.00% (3/20), 15.00% (3/20) and 0 (0/74), respectively, with significant difference (P<0.05). The eggs detected in animal hair, water and soil samples were from E. granulosus. In terms of distribution of the eggs, the feces of canines detected with eggs was highly concentrated in areas near field roads, and there was no obvious concentration trend in the samples of eggs detected in other environments. Conclusion The environmental contamination of Echinococcus eggs in Longbaotan area is serious and widely distributed. Our findings suggest that it is necessary to continue to take prevention and control measures such as deworming of dogs (especially unleashed dogs) and wild infectious sources (foxes) to reduce the pollution of eggs and the transmission risk of echinococcosis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and surveillance results of animal host in Anhui Province, 2019-2023 DAI Yanni, LI Qing, CHU Xiujie, YUAN Yuan, SUN Yong, GONG Lei Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (3): 152-156.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.03.005 Abstract （257）   HTML （10）    PDF （1644KB）（272）       Knowledge map    Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Anhui Province for reference basis for prevention and treatment of this disease. Methods The data of HFRS cases reported in Anhui Province from 2019 to 2023 were collected through the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method for identifying the epidemiological characteristics. Circular distribution method was used to analyze the seasonal characteristics. Monitoring sites in Anhui Province were selected to monitor the rodent vectors, and night-trap method was used to identify the rodent density. Hantavirus antigens were detected by direct immunofluorescence test. Results From 2019 to 2023, a total of 808 HFRS cases and 6 deaths were reported in Anhui Province, with an annual average incidence of 0.262 4/100 000. The case fatality rate was 0.74%. HFRS was reported in 16 cities and municipal administrations in Anhui Province from 2019 through 2023. The top 3 cities in terms of the number of incidence cases were Xuancheng City (227 cases), Chuzhou City (69 cases) and Lu’an City (69 cases), and Fuyang City (59 cases). The ratio of male cases to female cases was 3.17∶1. The infection was most seen in patients aged 50-59 years (27.97%), and in farmers by occupation (73.89%). The time of onset of HFRS cases in 2019-2023 was characterized by a spring/summer peak in April-June (31.31%，253/808) and a fall/winter peak in November-January of the following year (42.08%, 340/808). Circular distribution method analysis showed that the peak days of incidence in fall and winter (main peak) and spring and summer (sub-peak) were December 8 and May 14, respectively, and the peak periods were November 1-January 15 and April 4-June 25, respectively. Between 2019 and 2023, a total of 93 543 rat traps were placed in the 7 monitoring sites, and 2 623 rodents were captured. The average density was 2.80%. A total of 2 147 rodent lung specimens were tested, in which the positive antigens were detected in 66 specimens. The average virus carrying was 3.07% (66/2 147) for the rats. Conclusion There is an overall decreasing trend in the incidence of HFRS in Anhui Province from 2019 to 2023, yet the potential for HERS outbreaks still exists, and the time of incidence is obviously in seasonal fashion. The findings suggest that all preventive and control measures should be decided and implemented as early as possible before the peak period to effectively control the epidemic of HFRS. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of the Surveillance Plan for Schistosoma japonicum Infection in Wild Rats (2024 Edition) LÜ Chao, XU Xiaojuan, DU Chunhong, ZHANG Jianfeng, LI Yifeng, DENG Wangping, QIN Zhiqiang, LI Shizhu, ZHANG Shiqing, XU Jing Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (4): 193-197.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.04.001 Abstract （275）   HTML （24）    PDF （931KB）（264）       Knowledge map    On April 7, 2024, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research) released the Surveillance Plan for Schistosoma japonicum Infection in Wild Rats (2024 Edition). This plan serves as a follow-up technical document to the Actions for Accelerating the Progress towards Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China (2023-2030) jointly issued by multiple government sections in June 2023. The plan attempts to specify the surveillance content of wildlife infection sources from Schistosoma japonicum in the national surveillance and early warning response actions, and aims at guiding the schistosomiasis control sections at all levels in endemic areas to scientifically and systematically conduct the monitoring tasks. In this paper, we interpreted the background and purpose, surveillance content and methods, and data management of the plan. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and surveillance results of animal hosts in Jilin Province from 2018 to 2023 WANG Junfeng, WU Hao, LI Meina, ZHAO Qinglong Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (3): 133-139.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.03.002 Abstract （252）   HTML （24）    PDF （3645KB）（261）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and predict the incidence trend of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Jilin Province for evidence in prevention and control of thin acute infections in 2024. Methods The incidence data of HFRS in Jilin Province from 2018 to 2023 were collected from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and the monitoring data on the host animals in Jilin Province were also obtained. Then all data were analyzed using descriptive epidemiological method. An autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was established, by which the number of cases of HFRS in Jilin Province from 2018 to 2023 was fitted to predict the incidence of HFRS in the next year. Results A total of 1 993 cases of HFRS were reported Jilin Province from 2018 to 2023, during which the number of cases (578 cases) and the incidence (2.13/100 000) were the highest in 2018, and then presented with overall downward trend. The number of cases (158 cases) and the incidence (0.67/100 000) were the lowest in 2023. Annual reported cases peaked at April to June (635 cases, 31.86%) and October to December (724 cases, 36.33%). Of the reported cases, 1 511 were males, and 482 females, with a male to female ration of 3.13∶1. The incidences were reported in all age groups, with the population aged 30-64 years being dominant (1 464 cases, 73.46%), and the farmers were most affected by occupational distribution (1 242 cases, 62.32%). The cases were reported in all cities (prefectures), and the top three regions in terms of the cumulative number of reported cases were Tonghua (440 cases, 22.08%), Baicheng (357 cases, 17.91%) and Yanbian (335 cases, 16.81%). The top three monitoring sites with the highest cumulative rat density in residential areas in spring were Hunchun City (5.26%), Lishu County (4.36%) and Shuangyang District (3.81%), and the top three monitoring sites with the highest cumulative rat density in the wild were Hunchun City (5.55%), Panshi City (4.00%) and Shuangyang District (3.47%). The top three monitoring sites with the highest cumulative rat density in residential areas in autumn were Hunchun City (4.43%), Shuangyang District (4.09%) and Fusong County (3.84%). The top three monitoring sites with the highest cumulative rat density in the wild were Hunchun City (6.84%), Shuangyang District (4.21%) and Panshi City (4.00%). The captured rodents were mainly Rattus norvegicus and Apodemus agrarius. The results of time series analysis showed that ARIMA (0,0,1) (0,1,1)12 could better fit and predict the number of HFRS in Jilin Province (MAE=6.56, MRE=-0.16%). The average monthly number of incidence predicted in 2024 would be 7 cases. Conclusion The incidence of HFRS in Jilin Province is generally on a downward trend, the dominant rat species responsible for the transmission vectors are Rattus norvegicus and Apodemus agrarius. The monthly 2024 incidence is expected to be lower than the 2023. In the future, relevant health sections should continue to focus on monitoring and early warning of this acute infections. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the species, distribution and pathogens carried of Haemaphysalis DU Chaobo, SUN Yi, JIANG Jiafu, DU Chunhong Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (6): 321-327.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.06.001 Abstract （258）   HTML （33）    PDF （1033KB）（234）       Knowledge map    Ticks are obligatory blood-sucking ectoparasites and vectors of a variety of pathogens. As the second largest genus of the Ixodidae, Haemaphysalis is of great public health significance and attracts much attention from the academic community because it holds the characteristics of diverse species, wide distribution and potentially carrying multiple pathogens. This review focuses on the research progress of the species, distribution and pathogen carriers of Haemaphysalis at home and abroad in recent years, so as to provide references for the prevention and control of Haemaphysalis-borne diseases. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on the study of circular RNAs related to parasitic infections PENG Peiying, YI Ling, HE Ping Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (4): 252-256.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.04.013 Abstract （162）   HTML （5）    PDF （894KB）（226）       Knowledge map    Circular RNA (circRNA) is a special kind of non-coding RNA molecule, which has the functions of transcriptional regulation and protein translation. In this review, we summarized the changes of host circRNA expression induced by parasite infection and the role of parasite circRNA in regulating parasite development and reproduction, with an attempt to provide evidences in following research. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemic characteristics of fatal cases of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in China from 2010 to 2023 YUE Yujuan, REN Dongsheng, LUN Xinchang Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (5): 257-261.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.05.001 Abstract （280）   HTML （20）    PDF （1818KB）（222）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of fatal cases from severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in China from 2010 to 2023 for reference in formulating scientific prevention and control of this infection. Mvethods The fatal cases of SFTS reported in the Information System for Disease Prevention and Control in China were collected from 2010 to 2023. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the temporal, spatial, and demographic characteristics of SFTS deaths, as well as the time interval characteristics from onset to diagnosis and onset to death. Results From 2010 to 2023, a total of 1 326 SFTS deaths were reported in 736 townships in 219 counties (cities/districts) of 62 cities in the 12 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities). The average annual case fatality rate was 4.83%. The annual numbers of deaths increased, whereas the annual case fatality rate decreased in wave fashion. The case fatality rate was decreased year after year from 2019 to 2023. The number of deaths in 2023 was 191, with case fatality rate of 3.77%. The deaths represented seasonal distribution, which peaked between May and July, accounting for 61.84% (820/1 326) of the total deaths. From 2010 to 2023, the number of regions with deaths from SFTS was gradually increased, and 51.43% (682/1 326) of the deaths were reported in Shandong Province. The gender ratio was 1.15∶1. The deaths occurred in 96.15% (1 275/1 326) of population aged 50 years and over, the case fatality rate was increased with age, and 84.46% (1 120/1 326) were farmers. The annual median interval between onset and diagnosis was 89.00 days in 2010, and ranged from 6.54 days to 9.71 days from 2011 to 2023. A total of 578 deaths were confirmed after death, accounting for 43.59% (578/1 326) of the total reported deaths, in which 60.90% (352/578) occurred in Shandong Province. Conclusion The number of SFTS deaths was generally increased in the past 13 years in China, yet the annual case fatality rate was declined. In response to the continuous expansion of the number of regions and the increasing number of deaths, strengthening case monitoring, diagnosis and treatment of SFTS is recommended. In addition, it is necessary to enhance education of prevention and control knowledge related to SFTS in the key population. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the clinical characteristics of acute Q fever in 6 cases MO Xiaoying, WANG Zhongcheng, YAO Chao, WANG Yuanzi, WANG Meihua Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (3): 188-192.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.03.011 Abstract （281）   HTML （12）    PDF （907KB）（212）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the epidemiology, clinical pictures, diagnosis and treatment of acute Q fever in order to provide reference for the diagnosis and treatment of this entity. Methods Retrospective study was conducted on the 6 cases of acute Q fever diagnosed by metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in Nantong Third People’s Hospital between May 2022 and August 2023. The data were collected and analyzed including the epidemiological history, past medical history, clinical manifestations, findings of laboratory tests, mNGS and imaging, diagnosis and treatment process and treatment outcome. Results All the 6 patients were males, aged 45-59 years. Four patients had a history of wild-fishing by the river many times, one had a history of fishing out the bird’s nests, and another one was living with sheep around his settlement before the disease onset. The onset occurred at any time throughout the year. The clinical manifestations were high fever in all patients (6/6), with remittent-fever being dominant (5/6). Other clinical pictures included weakness (6/6), chills (5/6), muscle pain (5/6), and poor appetite (4/6). Laboratory studies indicated decreased white blood cell (WBC) count in peripheral blood in 2 and decreased platelet count in 3 patients. Elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase were seen in all the 6 patients, and increased creatine kinase was observed in 4. All patients had notably increased levels of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, ferritin and D-dimer, and three had mildly escalated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Pneumonia was free in the 6 patients by chest CT detection, and no endocarditis was seen in the 5 patients undergone echocardiography. Coxiella burnetii (Cb) was detected by mNGS in the 6 patients, who were confirmed as acute Q fever. All patients were recovered and discharged after medication with doxycycline (2 cases) or doxycycline combined with moxifloxacin (4 cases). Conclusion The clinical manifestations, imaging and laboratory test results of acute Q fever are unspecific, and the epidemiological history appears inconclusive in some patients. mNGS can contribute to quick and definitive diagnosis in the suspected patients, and doxycycline and moxifloxacin are effective in treatment of this infection. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation on the endemic status and risk factors of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Gansu Province from 2017 to 2022 WANG Ruiying, DING Fan, YAO Jinxi, WU Jialong, WANG Yun, WEI Kongfu Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (3): 140-146.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.03.003 Abstract （237）   HTML （20）    PDF （2050KB）（210）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the epidemiological patterns of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Gansu Province, and investigate the primary risk factors affecting the incidence of HFRS among residents for reference in formulating targeted strategies and measures for prevention and control of this infection. Methods The relevant information of HFRS cases reported in Gansu Province from 2017 to 2022 was collected through the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and descriptive analysis was conducted on the temporal, regional and demographic distribution of HFRS cases. Furthermore, a case-control study was carried out on HFRS cases reported in Min County, Dingxi City from 2020 to 2022 to analyze the primary risk factors affecting the incidence of this acute zoonotic condition. Results In total, 747 cases of HFRS were reported in Gansu Province from 2017 to 2022, with an average annual incidence of 0.50 per 100 000 population. The highest incidence occurred in 2019, reaching 1.28 per 100 000 population. The reported cases were 469 (62.78%) for males, and 278 (37.22%) for females, with an average annual reported incidence of 0.61/100 000 and 0.38/100 000 population, respectively for each gender. In different age groups, the number of reported cases was the largest in population aged 45-59 years (296 cases, 39.63%), followed by those aged 30-44 years (184 cases, 24.63%). Farmers were the most involved in HFRS (487 cases, 65.19%), followed by herdsmen (133 cases, 17.81%). The incidence of HFRS was mainly concentrated in October to December (569 cases, 76.17%), with the peak occurring in November (262 cases, 35.07%). The reported cases were mainly in Xiahe County, Min County and Lingtai County, with a cumulative number of reported cases being 571 (76.44%). The results of the case-control study showed that the potential risks for HFRS were associated with absence of vaccination against HFRS (OR=5.99), presence of rat cavity in the house (OR=3.99), no wearing a mask when digging and organizing herbs (OR=10.45), intake of food contaminated by rodents (OR=5.49), contact with rodents or rodent feces (OR=11.64), and drinking unboiled water (OR=6.97). Conclusion From 2017 to 2022, the incidence of HFRS in Gansu Province showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, with a concentrated period and area of high incidence. For the areas of high incidence, preventive vaccination, health education and improvement of the living environment should be carried out in due course to strengthen residents' awareness of protection and guide them to develop better dietary and hygienic habits, so as to reduce the risk of the infection. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical diagnosis and treatment of an elderly patient with confirmed Norwegian scabies WANG Bibai, LIU Pengxin, ZHANG Yuchao, XU Li, ZHANG Zhongqiong, WU Jianhua, ZHOU Zhi Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (5): 311-314.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.05.011 Abstract （170）   HTML （5）    PDF （1314KB）（201）       Knowledge map    This article reports the diagnosis and treatment process of a case of Alzheimer′s disease complicated with pemphigus vulgaris and infected with Norwegian scabies (also known as scabies scabies). The patient was admitted to the hospital due to pulmonary infection, and after anti-inflammatory treatment, peripheral blood eosinophils, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin rised repeatedly. Afterwards, multiple papules and skin crusts appeared throughout the body, and multiple tests were negative for pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigus vulgaris. Scabies mites and eggs were found on the bacterial smear of the skin flakes, which confirmed the diagnosis of Norwegian scabies. After sequential application of 10% sulfur ointment, Jinglian Fukang antibacterial solution (5% permethrin solution) and oral administration of ivermectin tablets, the patient was cured via pathogen confirmation, and the close contacts were also cured after one course of topical application of 10% sulfur ointment. The purpose of report of this case is to analyze the clinical key points and experience in Norwegian scabies in elderly patients. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Distribution characteristics and spatio-temporal analysis of soil-transmitted nematode in the hilly areas of Sichuan Province from 2016 to 2023 WU Xiaohong, TIAN Hongchun, LUO Jingwen, TIE Lei, DENG Xiu, ZHANG Suping, LIU Yang Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (5): 277-283.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.05.005 Abstract （173）   HTML （13）    PDF （6387KB）（197）       Knowledge map    Objective To analyze the prevalence of soil-transmitted nematode in the hilly areas of Sichuan Province for evidences to scientifically develop the prevention and control measures. Methods From 2016 to 2023, we carried out surveillance in accordance with the requirements of Sichuan Provincial Surveillance Program for Hepatic Flukes and Soil-transmitted Nematode Diseases (for Trial implementation) by setting a certain number of monitoring sites yearly in the counties (cities/districts). The modified Kato-Katz thick smear method (one sample for two smears) was used to detect hookworm eggs, roundworm eggs and whipworm eggs in the fecal samples, and the infection rate was calculated. The differences of infection rates in the hilly areas were analyzed among different genders, ages, education levels and occupational groups. Software ArcGIS 10.7 was used to establish a spatial database for analyzing whether the infection rate of soil-transmitted nematode (hookworm, roundworm and whipworm) in the hilly areas of Sichuan Province was spatially clustered by using global spatial autocorrelation and local spatial autocorrelation. Results A total of 89 226 people in 70 hilly counties (cities/districts) in Sichuan Province were surveyed between 2016 and 2023, and soil-transmitted nematode infections were found in 8 075 people, with an infection rate of 9.05%. The infection rate of hookworm, roundworm and whipworm was 8.52% (7 602/89 226), 0.52% (465/89 226) and 0.17% (149/89 226), respectively. The co-infection rate was 0.15% (130/89 226). The infection rate of soil-transmitted nematode was different between males (8.68%, 3 725/42 912) and females (9.39%, 4 350/46 314), with significant difference (χ2=13.71, P<0.01). In population in different age group and educational level group, the infection rate climbed up generally with added ages and lower educations (χ2trend=1 675.73, 883.37, both P<0.01). By occupations, the infection rate was relatively higher in farmers and herdsmen (10.54%, 7 376/69 990), with significant difference (χ2=890.86, P<0.01). The infection rates of soil-transmitted nematodes >20.00%, 10.01%-20.00%, 5.01%-10.00%, 1.01%-5.00% and 0.01%-1.00% were associated with 8, 21, 19, 20 and 2 counties (districts/cities), respectively. Global spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that there was spatial aggregation in the distribution of soil-transmitted nematodes and hookworm infections (Moran′s I>0, Z>2.58, P<0.01). Local spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that the number of counties (cities/districts) with "high-high", "high-low", "low-high" and "low-low" concentrations of soil-transmitted nematode infection rates accounted for 7, 2, 1 and 2, and the number of counties (cities/districts) with "high-high", "high-low", "low-high" and "low-low" hookworm infection rates were 7, 3, 1 and 2, respectively. Conclusion The infection rate of soil-transmitted nematode in the hilly areas of Sichuan Province is relatively high, and presents spatial aggregation, therefore comprehensive prevention and control should be strengthened in the key areas. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical characteristics of acute kidney injury in elderly patients with dengue fever WANG Changtai, YANG Huiqin, JIN Kanghong, LENG Xingyu, ZHANG Zhenhua, ZHANG Fuchun Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (4): 212-216.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.04.005 Abstract （178）   HTML （10）    PDF （943KB）（196）       Knowledge map    Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors for elderly patients with dengue fever complicated with acute kidney injury (AKI) for reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of the elderly patients with dengue fever. Methods Elderly patients with dengue fever treated in Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, were included from January 2013 to December 2019, and compared for the clinical characteristics of patients in AKI group and non-AKI group. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors for dengue fever complicated with AKI. Results A total of 423 elderly patients with dengue fever were included, of whom 30 (7.09%) were complicated with AKI. The age of the patients in the AKI and non AKI group was 76 (68, 82) years, and 69 (63, 77) years, respectively. The difference was significant (Z=3.100, P<0.05). The scoring on Chalson's comorbidity index (CCI) less than 3 accounted for 19 cases in the AKI group (63.33%) and 334 cases in the non-AKI group (84.99%), with statistical significance (χ2=7.709, P<0.05). In laboratory indicators, there were statistical significance in blood potassium levels [3.46 (3.11, 3.79) mmol/L vs. 3.28 (2.98, 3.58) mmol/L], C-reactive protein levels [6.35 (3.78, 28.17) mg/L vs. 2.50 (0.88, 5.93) mg/L], and hematocrit [37.40 (33.58, 41.00)% vs. 39.70 (36.60, 42.45)%] between the AKI group and the non AKI group (Z=2.038, 3.866, -2.186, respectively, all P<0.05). The distribution of severe cases in the AKI and non-AKI groups [(15 cases, 50.00%) vs. (21 cases, 5.34%)] and the duration of hospitalization [7.5 (5,10) days vs. 5 (4,7) days] exhibited significant differences (χ2=65.765, Z=-3.802, P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the age [OR=1.068, 95% CI: (1.020, 1.119)], C-reactive protein levels [OR=1.014, 95% CI: (1.004, 1.025)], and CCI score ≥3 points [OR=2.672, 95% CI: (1.176, 6.069)] were independent risk factors for elderly dengue fever patients complicated with AKI. Conclusion Elderly dengue fever patients have a high incidence of AKI, which may lead to poor prognosis. The risks of developing AKI can be added in the patients who are older, have elevated CRP levels, and higher CCI scores. Our findings suggest that early detection and active prevention of AKI in elderly dengue fever patients are important in clinical practice to improve the prognosis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular characterization of coxsackievirus A16 associated hand, foot and mouth disease in Anhui Province from 2021 to 2023 GE Yinglu, YANG Lingkang, LIU Yinuo, MA Wanwan, WANG Peng, SUN Yong, SHI Yonglin Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology    2024, 22 (4): 233-238.   DOI: 10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2024.04.009 Abstract （166）   HTML （9）    PDF （3483KB）（194）       Knowledge map    Objective To understand the epidemic of hand, foot and mouth Disease (HFMD) in Anhui Province, and analyze the genetic types and the genetic evolution of the VP1 coding region of coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16). Methods The data on the incidence of HFMD in Anhui Province were retrieved from the China Information System for Disease Prevention and Control from 2021 through 2023, and statistics was conducted regarding the incidence and composition of each enterovirus serotype of HFMD. The throat swab samples were collected from HFMD patients, and from which CV-A16 strains were isolated. Then the VP1 region of CV-A16 was amplified and sequenced. The genotype/sub genotype of CV-A16 strands was identified by using enterovirus online typing tool, MegAlign Pro sequence alignment software was used to compare the homology of nucleotides and amino acids. The phylogenetic tree of VP1 gene was constructed by biological software MEGA 6.0 Software, and the mutation at amino acid of VP1 gene was analyzed. Results A total of 155 640 HFMD cases were reported in Anhui Province from 2021 to 2023. The annual reported incidence was 84.83 /100 000. Between 2021 and 2023, a total of 12 643 laboratory confirmed cases of HFMD were reported in 16 cities in Anhui area, in which CV-A16 associated cases accounted for 18.16% (2 296/12 643). The annual constituent ratio of CV-A16 for each year was 25.81% (1 127/4 366), 33.69% (782/2 321) and 6.50% (387/5 956), respectively. Seventy-two CV-A16 strains were isolated from HFMD cases in Anhui Province from 2021 to 2023, in which 58 strains were associated with genetic subtypes of B1a and 14 from B1b, respectively accounting for 80.56% and 19.44%. The nucleotide and amino acid homology with the CV-A16 prototype strain G-10 was 73.80%-76.20% and 90.60%-92.30%. The B1a and B1b genotypes consisted of 4 sub-clusters and 3 sub-clusters in genetic evolution. A total of 72 VP1 gene sequences were compared with the prototype strain and 26 amino acid sites were mutated. Conclusion The main prevalent gene subtypes of HFMD CV-A16 in Anhui area from 2021 to 2023 were involved in B1a and B1b, and B1a was predominant. Our findings suggest that monitoring of CV-A16 epidemic strains should be strengthened in Anhui Province. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics