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20 August 2023, Volume 21 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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EXPERT VIEWPOINT

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Challenges and prospects of the health education and science popularization to parasitic diseases prevention in China under the new era CHEN Lin, CAO Chunli 2023, 21 (4):  181-185.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2023.04.001 Abstract ( 639 )   HTML ( 30 )   PDF (897KB) ( 1399 )   Health education represents an effective means to improve people's health behavior, and it is also the major measure for prevention and control of parasitic diseases in China for many years. Health science popularization is an important part of science popularization. In recent years, with the continuous attention of the Party and the government, health science popularization plays an increasingly important role in improving people's health literacy and awareness of health and disease prevention. In this paper, the current situation and challenges of health education and science popularization on parasitic diseases control and prevention in China were analyzed, and some suggestions were put forward from the aspects of system construction, personnel training, precise communication, forms of activities and new media operation with an attempt to provide reference for health education and science popularization on parasitic diseases. References | Related Articles | Metrics

SPECIALARTICLES FOR HAND, FOOTAND MOUTH DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL

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Analysis of the epidemic trend of hand, foot and mouth disease in China after COVID-19 as a category B disease ZHANG Yutong, SONG Yang, LIU Fengfeng, DING Fan, LIU Yanzhe, CHANG Zhaorui 2023, 21 (4):  186-190,227.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2023.04.002 Abstract ( 591 )   HTML ( 49 )   PDF (3994KB) ( 691 )   Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and changes of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in China after COVID-19 ranked as category B disease for evidence in scientific prevention and control of HFMD. Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted to address the incidence and the composition of each enterovirus serotype of HFMD in China from January to June, 2023, and the results were compared with the corresponding findings in 2017-2019 and 2020-2022. Moving epidemic method (MEM) was used to estimate the epidemic intensity of HFMD reported from January to June, 2023 in China. Results From January to June, 2023, a total of 557 940 cases of HFMD were reported. The reported incidence was 39.68 /100 000, which was lower than the average incidence reported in the corresponding period of 2017-2019 (64.97/100 000), yet higher than the average incidence reported in the same period of 2020-2022 (26.37/100 000). The peak of the HFMD incidence in 2023 was delayed compared to the trends in previous years. The number of cases was rapidly increased after the 20th week, and reached a very high epidemic level by the 26th week. From January to June, 2023, the proportion of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), coxasckievirus A16 (CV-A16) and other enterovirus in laboratory-diagnosed cases was 14.31% (4 694/32 804), 12.18% (3 995/32 804) and 73.51% (24 115/32 804), respectively. Compared with the average level of the same period in 2017-2019 and 2020-2022, the proportion of EV-A71 and CV-A16 decreased, while the proportion of other enterovirus increased. MEM evaluation results showed that the prevalence intensity of HFMD was higher in the south China than in the north, among which Guangdong remained at a very high epidemic level, whereas Jiangxi and Hunan were at medium epidemic level. Guizhou, Sichuan, Hubei, Chongqing and Zhejiang were at lower epidemic level. Conclusion In 2023, the incidence peak of HFMD in spring and summer in China moved backward, and the peak of this disease in the country exceeds the pre-pandemic level, and the epidemic peak in southern provinces was earlier than that in northern provinces, for which we suggest that all provinces should closely monitor the dynamic changes of the local epidemic by conducting epidemic analysis and risk assessment. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2018 to 2022 NIGEDELI Alitengsaier, ZHANG Xuan, CHEN Yuan, LI Quanxi, HUNDEZI Awuxi, ZHAO Jun, HUANG Ruifang, MA Xin 2023, 21 (4):  191-194,215.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2023.04.003 Abstract ( 344 )   HTML ( 19 )   PDF (2430KB) ( 504 )   Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Xinjiang for scientific evidence for local HFMD prevention and control. Methods The data on HFMD reported in Xinjiang from 2018 to 2022 were collected through the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and pathogenetic data were obtained from the CDCs in various regions. Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the characteristics of distribution in time, region and population as well as the prevalent pathogens of HFMD in Xinjiang. Results A total of 22 817 cases of HFMD were cumulatively reported in Xinjiang area from 2018 to 2022, including 11 severe cases. No death occurred. The average incidence rate was 18.69/100 000, and the incidence rate reported in previous years ranged from 1.52/100 000 to 42.90/100 000. In 2018, 2019 and 2021, the incidence of HFMD represented bimodal distribution with two peaks from May to July and September to November, respectively. There was no peak incidence throughout 2020. Only one peak incidence (April-July) was seen in 2022. Both the number of reported cases and average incidence rate were higher in males than in females (13 587 cases, 22.64/100 000 vs. 9 230 cases, 15.48/100 000). Children aged 5 years and under were the main group of people suffering from the disease (18 736 cases, 82.11%). Among different occupations, the highest number of cases was reported in children in nurseries and kindergartens (10 386 cases, 45.52%), followed in children living at home (9 703 cases, 42.53%) and students (2 379 cases, 10.43%). The incidence rates of Karamay City, Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture and Tacheng area ranked the top three in the whole autonomous region. Among the 4 350 laboratory diagnosed cases, the proportions of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), coxasckievirus A16 (CV-A16), and other enteroviruses were 5.22% (227/4 350), 25.59% (1 113/4 350), and 69.20% (3 010/4 350), respectively, with other enteroviruses being the main pathogen type responsible for the most severe cases. Conclusion The incidence of HFMD in Xinjiang area is generally on a downward trend. Other enteroviruses have replaced EV-A71 and CV-A16 as the main pathogens. Our findings suggest that implementation of control measures and strengthening pathogen surveillance are particularly important for the prevention and control of HFMD in Xinjiang. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Guizhou Province from 2010 to 2021 SHEN Zhu, LIU Huihui, HUANG Yan, LIU Zhaobing, JIANG Qi, JIANG Xixi, WU Jun 2023, 21 (4):  195-198.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2023.04.004 Abstract ( 448 )   HTML ( 25 )   PDF (3075KB) ( 663 )   Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Guizhou Province from 2010 to 2021 for theoretical basis to perfect the prevention and control measures for this infection. Methods The case information on HFMD reported in Guizhou Province between 2010 and 2021 was retrieved from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and then analyzed pertinent to the distribution and pathogens of the virus by descriptive epidemiology. Results In total, 437 511 cases of HFMD were reported in Guizhou Province from 2010 to 2021. The incidence reported annually was between 67.98 and 162.90 per 100 000 population, the average annual incidence was 101.80/100 000 population. Of the 437 511 cases, 8 349 cases were severe, with a rate of severe case being 1.91%, and there were 171 deaths. Most of the cases showed bimodal distribution, which occurred in April-June and September-November respectively. Cases of HFMD were reported in across the province, and the most hit areas were Zunyi (114 669 cases, 26.21%), Guiyang (110 460 cases, 25.25%) and Liupanshui (39 874 cases, 9.11%). The high-risk population was children living at home (345 577 cases, 78.99%), and children aged 0-5 years were most reported (413 965 cases, 94.62%). In terms of sex distribution, there were more males, with a sex ratio of 1∶0.64. From 2010 to 2012, enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) was the predominant strain of HFMD, and after 2013, other enteroviruses became the dominant strain in Guizhou Province. Conclusion In recent years, the incidence of HFMD in Guizhou Province showed a fluctuating downward trend. Children under 5 years should be the focus for prevention and control, at the same time, the monitor of virus type should be strengthened. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular typing of coxsackievirus A16 associated hand, foot and mouth disease in Anhui Province, 2016-2020 FENG Mingzi, FU Liyan, GE Yinglu, MA Wanwan, WANG Peng, SUN Yong, SHI Yonglin 2023, 21 (4):  199-203.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2023.04.005 Abstract ( 304 )   HTML ( 20 )   PDF (3246KB) ( 410 )   Objective To understand the genetic types of coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) associated with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Anhui Province. Methods The case data on HFMD reported in Anhui Province from 2016 to 2020 were downloaded from the Infectious Disease Reporting and Management System under the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and the throat swab samples were collected from HFMD children during the corresponding period. The samples of positive CV-A16 nucleic acid detected by real-time PCR were selected, and amplified for VP1 gene using reverse transcription PCR. Then the positive PCR products were sequenced. Software Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA, version 6.0) was used to construct the phylogenetic tree and for analysis of the mutation at amino acid of VP1 gene. Results In total, 16 650 cases of HFMD confirmed by laboratory studies were reported in Anhui Province from 2016 to 2020, including 3 809 cases of CV-A16 types (22.88%). The annual constituent ratio of CV-A16 was 20.72% (219/1 057), 22.91% (677/2 955), 23.89% (1 004/4 202), 42.58% (1 687/3 962) and 4.96% (222/4 474), respectively in different years. 290 VP1 sequences were obtained from 436 CV-A16 positive specimens, all of which belonged to B genotype, including 225 from B1b and 65 from B1a. The nucleotide homology of 290 VP1 sequences was in between 86.80% and 100.00%, and that of G-10 VP1 sequence was in between 74.10% and 76.80%. The nucleotide homology between 65 strains VP1 of B1a and reference strains identified as genotype B1a in GenBank database was 93.00%-99.90%.The nucleotide homology between the VP1 sequence of 225 B1b strains and the reference strains identified as genotype B1b in GenBank database was 88.40%-99.60%. The B1a and B1b genotypes consisted of 4 sub-clusters and 6 sub-clusters in genetic evolution. Amino acid variation analysis of the prototype strain G-10 revealed mutations at many sites of CV-A16. Conclusion B1a and B1b gene subtypes of HFMD CV-A16 strains were co-prevalent in Anhui Province during 2016-2020. It is necessary to continually monitor the molecular evolution of enterovirus pathogens in Anhui Province. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

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Study on antiviral mechanism of acetylshikonin against herpes simplex virus type 2 in vitro LIAN Meifang, SHI Liming, ZHENG Wenxue, LI Juan, LI Guixia, YU Guangfu 2023, 21 (4):  204-209.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2023.04.006 Abstract ( 334 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF (3798KB) ( 417 )   Objective To investigate the activity and mechanism of acetylshikonin (AS) against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Methods By acyclovir (ACV) being used as positive control agent, we examined the cell viability with CCK-8 in order to determine the maximum safe concentration of AS to Vero cell. Cytopathogenic effect method and plaque-reduction neutralization assay were used to detect the antiviral activity of AS against HSV-2. RT-qPCR incubated with TCID50 was used to determine viral load to evaluate the inhibitory effect of AS on different stages of HSV-2 replication cycle. The effect of AS on virion morphology was visualized under the transmission electron microscope. Results The maximal atoxic concentration of AS to Vero cell was 3.785 μmol/L, and AS significantly inhibited the replication of virus and reduced plaque formation at the safe concentration of 1.678-3.785 μmol/L. Meanwhile, the replication of HSV-2 virus was inhibited by AS with an 50% effective concentration (EC50) value at 0.334 μmol/L. The virus titer of the treatment group was lower than that of the corresponding virus infection control group at 12 h and 36 h of release stage (13.43±10.04 vs. 127.00±0.32, 3.47±0.55 vs. 5.80±0.12, respectively), the difference was statistically significant (t=8.359, 4.161; both P<0.05), and the virus replication load of the treatment group was lower than that of the corresponding virus infection control group at 12 h, 24 h and 36 h of co-incubation with HSV-2 (0.24±0.09 vs. 1.35±0.07, 4.46±0.06 vs. 6.75±0.04, 2.70±0.04 vs. 5.27±0.10, respectively), the difference was statistically significant (t=9.920, 33.360, 24.020; all P<0.05). Besides, treatment with AS resulted in abnormal morphology of certain HSV-2 virions, and the ultrastructure of HSV-2 changed gradually with added AS concentration. Conclusion The results reported here indicated that AS possessed a certain antiviral effect on HSV-2. The potential mechanism is to exert antiviral effect by directly destroying the complete structure of the virus particles. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Toxoplasma gondii Chinese 1 genotype strain infection on trace element metabolism in mice tissues XING Yien, CAI Yihong 2023, 21 (4):  210-215.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2023.04.007 Abstract ( 325 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (1999KB) ( 344 )   Objective To measure the retention of trace elements in different tissues of the body in mice infected by weakly virulent strain TgCtwh6, the dominant genotype of Chinese 1 (ToxoDB #9), and investigate the effects of the infection on metabolism of trace metal elements in the mouse tissues. Methods Mouse models of TgCtwh6 at acute and chronic infection were established respectively, and control group was established (n=6 for each group). The levels of various metal elements (Fe2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Mg2+ ) in different tissues (heart, liver, spleen and kidney) of the infected mice were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Western blot was performed to measure the protein expression of the metal element transporter ZIP 8 (Zrt- and Irt- like protein 8), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity kits were used to detect the activity of SOD in liver tissues. Finally, the results obtained in each group were statistically analyzed. Results Compared to the control group, the levels of Fe2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ in the liver of the mice at acute and chronic infection were increased [(76.348±11.613) μg/g and (88.545±10.555) μg/g vs. (52.388±6.165) μg/g, (1.298±0.065) μg/g and (1.405±0.066) μg/g vs. (1.141±0.110) μg/g, (17.506±0.824) μg/g and (17.031±0.907) μg/g vs. (15.650±0.305) μg/g, respectively], yet the content of Fe2+ in spleen, Cu2+ and Zn2+ in heart was downregulated [(128.519±13.531) μg/g and (120.309±10.023) μg/g vs. (147.720±15.303) μg/g, (5.189±0.255) μg/g and (5.631±0.485) μg/g vs. (6.440±0.740) μg/g, (17.034±0. 974) μg/g and (16.858±0.953) μg/g vs. (19.258±0.965) μg/g, respectively]. The levels of Mn2+ and Mg2+ in the heart of mice at acute infection were lower than those of control group [(0.605±0.052) μg/g vs. (0.686±0.051) μg/g, (153.346±3.221) μg/g vs. (163.012±8.204) μg/g, respectively]. Protein ZIP 8 was up-regulated in the liver of mice at acute and chronic infection as compared with that of control group, and the protein level was higher at chronic infection than at acute infection (F=35.240, P<0.05). SOD activity was (14.041±0.734) U/mL, (16.463±0.616) U/mL and (15.859±0.780) U/mL, respectively, in the liver of mice in the control group, mice at acute and chronic infection. The differene was significant (F=9.370, P<0.05). Conclusion Infection of the mice with TgCtwh6, either at acute or chronic infection, can lead to up-regulation or down-regulation of partial trace metal elements in the tissues of mice as well as upregulated ZIP 8 expression, which may activate SOD activity and function roles in protecting the liver. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

CONTROL STUDIES

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Analysis on the HIV/AIDS epidemic characteristics in Hefei City from 1997 to 2022 SUN Jing, FENG Jinbao, ZHANG Xiaopeng, YAO Hui, DENG Xiaolan, CHEN Chaojie 2023, 21 (4):  216-219,237.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2023.04.008 Abstract ( 439 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF (3286KB) ( 3780 )   Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and changing trends in patients infected with HIV/AIDS in Hefei area for evidence to formulate corresponding prevention and control measures. Methods The case data, reported in Hefei area from January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2022, were initially retrieved from China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, and then analyzed regarding the distribution characteristics of time, population and region in the victims of HIV/AIDS. Joinpoint regression was performed to analyze the changing trends in such patients. Results In total, 3 974 HIV/AIDS cases were cumulatively reported in Hefei area from 1997 to 2022. Of the victims, 3 608 (90.79%) were males, and 366 (9.21%) females. The ratio of male to female was 9.86∶1. The age ranging from 20 to 29 years was dominant (1 511 cases, 38.02%). After 2008, the proportion of 50 years old and above tended to grow in the reported cases (χ2trend=62.73, P<0.05). The infection was most seen in patients with college or higher educational background (1 670 cases, 42.02%). By occupation, the reported case number was large in service industry (1 805 cases, 45.42%). The proportion of cases reported in students had been on the rise since 2008 (χ2trend=32.08, P<0.05). The main way of transmission was involved in homosexual transmission (2 525 cases, 63.54%), and homosexual transmission tended to rise since 2003 (χ2trend=79.43，P<0.05). The infection was generally identified in detection and consultation (1 832 cases, 46.10%) and clinical visit (1 628 cases, 40.97%). Joinpoint regression analysis showed that the reported cases of HIV infection in Hefei area were at average annual percent change (AAPC) by 21.90% per year (Z=13.44, P<0.05). Conclusion The HIV/AIDS prevalence in Hefei is relatively stable. Among them, middle aged and elderly population, students and men who have sex with men should be the key groups of HIV/AIDS prevention and control. Health education on AIDS prevention and control should be strengthened for this group of people, and AIDS screening should continue to be strengthened to achieve early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the blood smear examination results of Plasmodium in febrile patients in Zhumadian City, 2011-2021 TIAN Li, WEI Aiping, DU Yanfei 2023, 21 (4):  220-222,242.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2023.04.009 Abstract ( 301 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (938KB) ( 279 )   Objective To analyze the status of blood smear examination for Plasmodium in patients with fever in Zhumadian City, and explore appropriate monitoring method for local management of the infection after malaria elimination, so as to prevent re-transmission of malaria imported from abroad. Methods The data, including blood smear examination for Plasmodium in febrile patients in Zhumadian City, the testing results reviewed in both provincial and municipal laboratories, the epidemic situation data of malaria reported through network and the epidemiological investigation data of positive malaria cases in Zhumadian City were collected from 2011 to 2021. Then the results, including blood tests in febrile patients, distribution of positive cases and reexamination of blood smears, were analyzed. Results A total of 435 748 individuals with fever in Zhumadian City underwent blood smear tests, which revealed Plasmodium infection in 49 patients. The positive rate was 1.12 per 10 000 people. In the 49 patients with positive findings, Plasmodium falciparum malaria was predominant (26 cases, 53.06%), followed by plasmodium vivax malaria (17 cases, 34.69%). Males were the most affected (45 cases, 91.84%), and the age is mainly concentrate in 21 to 50 years old (44 cases, 89.80%). Forty-four cases (89.80%) were imported from abroad. The main source of infection was in African countries (41 cases, 83.67%). The top 3 counties (districts) with the highest number of patients reported with positive blood smears were Yicheng District (14 cases), Xiping County (12 cases) and Biyang County (10 cases). From 2011 to 2021, a total of 12 886 blood smears were reviewed at the municipal level, of which the negative consistency rate was 99.98% (12 830/12 833) and the positive consistency rate was 86.79% (46/53). Conclusion The blood smear examination for Plasmodium in febrile patients plays an important role in the process of malaria elimination in Zhumadian City, and the fever patients returning from malaria endemic areas should be the focus of monitoring through blood smear examination after elimination. Meanwhile, it is necessary to continually consolidate the level of professionals in diagnosis of malaria in order to eliminate the hidden danger of transmission in a timely manner. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the factors affecting infection among close contacts of COVID-19 based on random forest and multi-factor interactive logistic regression models: A case study in Tongling City ZHANG Fan, QI Ping 2023, 21 (4):  223-227.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2023.04.010 Abstract ( 297 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (1257KB) ( 410 )   Objective To analyze the factors affecting the infection and the interaction of the influencing factors among close contacts of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Tongling for evidence to formulate accurate prevention and control strategies. Methods The data were collected from close contacts related to local COVID-19 cases reported in Tongling from March 14-30 in 2022. Strongly correlated influencing factors were initially screened out using random forest algorithm, and then multi-factor interactive logistic regression model was established to analyze the infection risk and its influencing and interaction factors among close contacts of patient with COVID-19. Results The overall infection rate was 1.95% (101/5 168) in the close contacts of patients with COVID-19 in Tongling. Random forest algorithm generated 8 factors affecting the important evaluation scores, including contact mode, contact frequency, relationship of associated cases, contact location, clinical situation of associated cases, age, gender and occupation. Analysis by multi-factor interactive logistic regression model showed that the infection risk of close contacts of patients with COVID-19 was positively related to “living together” (r=0.382，P<0.05) and “frequent contact” (r=0.139, P<0.05). In terms of interaction effects, the infection risk was positively related to the interaction effect of “living together” + “family” (r=0.761, P<0.05), “age≤10” + “relative” (r=0.252, P<0.05), and “colleagues or friends” + “frequent contact” (r=0.132，P<0.05), yet negatively to the interaction effect of “no-direct-contact-in-common-space” + “occasional contact” (r=-0.122，P<0.05) and “age>60” + “occasional contact” (r=-0.221，P<0.05). The correct rate, accuracy rate, recall rate and F1 score were increased by 8.04%, 13.24%, 4.44% and 7.45%, respectively, in multi-factor interactive logistic regression model compared to the traditional logistic regression model. Conclusion Combined random forest with logistic complete quadratic regression model can excavate interaction effects among the influencing factors from multi-factor data with limited samples, which may provide strong groundwork for disease prevention and control. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

INVESTIGATION STUDIES

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Investigation on the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infection in wild rats in Guichi District, Chizhou City from 2020 to 2022 DAI Jianjun, LIU Zexiang, CHEN Xian, KE Yongwen, LONG Daosheng, CI Shengli 2023, 21 (4):  228-231.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2023.04.011 Abstract ( 419 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF (932KB) ( 431 )   Objective To understand the status of schistosomiasis infection in wild rats in Guichi District, Chizhou City, for scientific evidence to formulate targeted schistosomiasis control strategies. Methods By the data of schistosomiasis epidemic situation in history in Guichi District and combined with the epidemic category and prevalence degree, we conducted annual survey in the wild rats in at least 10% of the endemic villages between 2020 and 2022. The rats living in the areas with snails were captured with mousetrap, and underwent parallel testing using microscopy examination for liver nodule, microscopy examination for mesenteric vein, Kato-Katz method, and miracidium hatching method. The related indicators, including the density of wild rats and schistosome infection rate, were summed up. Results Forty-six epidemic villages were surveyed from 2020 to 2022, and a total of 922 wild rats were captured. The density of wild rats was 6.91% (922/13 346), and the infection rate was 13.02% (120/922). The density and infection rate in the wild rats was 8.22% (245/2 982), 4.29% (217/5 058), and 8.67% (460/5 306); 3.27% (8/245), 14.29% (31/217), and 17.61% (81/460), respectively, in different years, with statistical significance (χ2=87.426, 29.455; all P<0.05), and 7.82% (589/7 534) and 16.98% (100/589) in hilly areas, 5.73% (333/5 812) and 6.01% (20/333) in lake and marshland areas (χ2=22.904, 22.398; all P<0.05). The largest number of wild rats captured was associated with Apodemus agrarius and Rattus losea Swinhoe, and respectively 15.10% (69/457) and 11.49% (40/348) of them were infected with schistosome. Conclusion Schistosoma japonicum infection exists in the wild rats living in hilly and lake areas in Guichi District, and the transmission risk of wild rats as a source of infection deserves attention. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prevalence and related factors of insomnia, anxiety and depression among medical staff in Shenzhen during the COVID-19 epidemic ZHU Xingkai, LUO Kewang, DENG Xiuliang, LIAO Jierong, LIANG Biyu, XUE Ting, LIU Lijie, ZHU Runze, LUO Xinle 2023, 21 (4):  232-237.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2023.04.012 Abstract ( 428 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (942KB) ( 404 )   Objective To understand the prevalence status of insomnia, anxiety and depression, and explore the factors affecting the prevalence in medical staff in Shenzhen City during prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic. Methods By multi-stage sampling method, we initially included 7 public hospitals in Shenzhen area, and then the eligible medical personnel were recruited as study subjects by convenient sampling between May 10 and August 10 of 2022. Cross-sectional study was conducted in the participants using Athens insomnia scale (AIS), generalized anxiety disorder questionnaire-7 (GAD-7) and the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for the status of insomnia, anxiety and depression. SPSS 26.0 statistical software was used to analyze data for multivariate logistics regression. Results A total of 1 050 questionnaires were distributed, and 1 007 valid questionnaires were collected. The statistics indicated that 552 (54.8%), 555 (55.1%) and 541 (53.7%) had insomnia, anxiety and depression, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that bachelor degree (OR=1.733, 95% CI: 1.236-2.429) and continuous work for 1 week, 2 weeks, or more without shift (OR=1.789, 1.883, 2.928; 95% CI: 1.271-2.518, 1.158-3.060, 2.058-4.166, respectively) were risk factors for insomnia in the medical staff. Female (OR=1.584, 95% CI: 1.165-2.154), bachelor degree, graduate degree or above (OR=1.796, 1.755; 95% CI:1.270-2.539, 1.075-2.865, respectively), working life ≤ 10 years (OR=1.759, 95% CI: 1.089-2.843), working in frontline (OR=1.474, 95% CI: 1.093-1.987) and working continuously for 1 week, 2 weeks or more without shift (OR=1.730, 1.879, 2.481; 95% CI: 1.221-2.451, 1.148-3.074, 1.741-3.536, respectively) were the risks for anxiety. The risk factors for depression were associated with bachelor degree, graduate degree or above (OR=2.376, 1.859; 95% CI: 1.688-3.343, 1.164-2.969, respectively) and the working shift persisting for 1 week, 2 weeks or more (OR=1.465, 1.718, 2.177; 95% CI: 1.040-2.063, 1.054-2.803, 1.539-3.079, respectively). Exercise (OR=0.760, 0.783, 0.572; 95% CI: 0.584-0.989, 0.597-0.926, 0.439-0.744) was a protective factor for insomnia, anxiety and depression in medical staff. Conclusion During the normalization period of COVID-19 epidemic, the probability of insomnia, anxiety and depression was higher in the medical staff in Shenzhen City. The findings suggest that comprehensive intervention measures should be taken to mitigate insomnia and psychological abnormalities of medical staff. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

CONTROL ADMINISTRATION

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Analysis of the results of national contest on health education works for parasitic diseases in 2021 ZHAO Luyuan, ZHOU Changhai, ZHU Tingjun, HUANG Jilei, LIU Jianfeng, CHEN Yingdan, WANG Qiang, LI Shizhu, ZHOU Xiaonong, QIAN Menbao 2023, 21 (4):  238-242.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2023.04.013 Abstract ( 335 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF (925KB) ( 429 )   Objective To analyze the results of national contest on health education works for parasitic diseases in 2021 for reference for health education on parasitic disease in China. Methods The excellent health education works on parasitic diseases were collected by National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention from the whole country, and appraised in terms of scientificity, creativity, acceptability and popularization. Then all works involved in competitive appraisal were statistically analyzed from the aspects of creative form, target disease, intended audience, and language used in the works. Results A total of 178 pieces of health education works were submitted from 26 provinces, including 70 physical works (39.33%), 59 graphic works (33.15%), and 49 audio-visual works (27.53%). Of all works, 173 were created by independent organization, of which 170 (98.27%) were created by disease prevention and control institutions (including professional parasitic disease prevention and control institutions). The works were mainly intended for general public (77.53%, 138/178), and involved in single parasitic disease (87.08%, 155/178). The top three diseases of the works targeted were malaria (40.00%, 62/155), schistosomiasis (23.23%, 36/155) and echinococcosis (18.06%, 28/155), and Chinese was the sole language most used in the works (90.45%, 161/178). A total of 30 works won awards, including 10 physical works, 10 graphic works, and 10 audio-visual works, which were mainly involved in single disease (83.33%, 25/30), echinococcosis (32.00%, 8/25), schistosomiasis (24.00%, 6/25) and malaria (16.00%, 4/25) were the top three diseases included in the works; in which the language used was most associated with monolingual Chinese (83.33%, 25/30). The award-winning works were distributed in 14 provinces, among which the top province with the highest number of awards was Sichuan (n=6). Conclusion The health education works on parasitic diseases involved in this competition are from wide sources, various in forms and wider coverage on the diseases. Some works seem innovative in form, and incorporated with national customs, which is conducive to covering ethnic minorities. In the future, grass-roots units should be encouraged to actively create better health education works, and cooperation among organizations should be strengthened to further enhance the pertinence of health education works based on analysis of the population demand. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

TEACHING EXPLORATION

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Application of flipped classroom in online teaching of human parasitology course SHAO Wei, TAO Yun, ZHOU Qianqian, LIU Miao, JI Yongsheng, SHEN Jijia 2023, 21 (4):  243-封三.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2023.04.014 Abstract ( 266 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (876KB) ( 398 )   Since 2020, online teaching represents one of the primary teaching methods in colleges and universities due to the impact of COVID-19 epidemic. This paper summarized the practice of online teaching of the curriculum human parasitology via flipped classroom approach, implemented by Department of Pathogenic Biology of Anhui Medical University, and analyzed the advantages and problems of online teaching of this course based on the curriculum design, classroom practice and teaching reflection, with an attempt to provide reference for online teaching in higher learning institutions. References | Related Articles | Metrics