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20 December 2021, Volume 19 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Pilot analysis on the Technical Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Human Infection With Animal Influenza (For trial):Animal influenza and its pandemic YANG Jing, CHEN Tao 2021, 19 (6):  301-303,311.  Abstract ( 4987 )   PDF (370KB) ( 1357 )   In order to satisfy the needs of prevention and control of human infection with animal influenza in the new era in China,and improve the ability and capacity in response to influenza pandemic,the National Health Commission issued the Technical Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Human Infection With Animal Influenza (For trial) in July 2021. This paper aims to elaborate the guidelines with regard to influenza A virus and its variation,animal influenza virus and its pathogenicity as well as the pandemic,with an attempt to provide reference for administrations at all levels in implementation of the prevention and control of human infection with animal influenza in scientific and orderly fashion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the risk assessment result of schistosomiasis transmission in Yunnan Province in 2020 SONG Jing, Dong Yi, SHEN Mei-fen, XIONG Meng-tao, ZHANG Yun, WANG Li-fang, CHEN Chun-qiong, SUN Jia-yu, DU Chun-hong 2021, 19 (6):  304-307.  Abstract ( 4738 )   PDF (352KB) ( 1097 )   Objective To evaluate the transmission risk of schistosomiasis in Yunnan Province in 2020 for evidence to formulate prevention and control measures against this infection. Methods Four counties (cities),including Weishan,Midu, Dali and Ninglang of Yunnan Province,were included to undergo risk assessment in 2020. The evaluation was performed in one administrative village selected from each township. The data on schistosomiasis prevalence and control were obtained from 2018 to 2020 in the counties involved in assessment. Field survey was conducted on the snail prevalence and infection in the wild feces in sampled villages. Then the results were comprehensively evaluated for the risks of schistosomiasis transmission. Results The epidemiological data showed that no patients,infected animals or infected snails were detected in the 7 villages assessed between 2018 and 2020. In the field survey site,only 10 living snails were captured by systematic sampling in areas with snail prevalence in history. The occurrence rate of snail was 6. 52% (3 / 46) for individual frame,and the average density of living snails was 0. 22 snails / 0. 11 m2,2 living snails were captured in 3 248 frames by environmental sampling. Totally,1 082 living snails were captured by systematic sampling in the environment with snails. The total occurrence rate of frames with living snails was 4. 01%(297 / 7 413),and the average snail density was 0. 15 / 0. 11 m2,31 living snails were captured in 2 627 frames by environmental sampling. LAMP detection showed negative results in all snails obtained. No positive infection was detected by miracidium hatching test in a total of 261 aliquots of wild feces,including 54 aliquots of cow feces (20. 69%),129 dog feces (49. 43%),33 equine feces ( donkey and mule) (12. 64%),7 pig feces (2. 68%),21 sheep feces (8. 05%) and 17 human feces (6. 51%). The risk level of each assessment county is level Ⅲ. Conclusion The risk of schistosomiasis transmission was concluded at lower level in Yunnan Province in current study,yet certain unfavorable aspects still exist,including large number of livestock in stock,free ranged livestock,complex and large quantity of wild feces as well as reemergence of Oncomelania hupensisin historical snail environment. These findings suggest that it is essential to further strengthen the prevention and control measures and develop perfect risk assessment and monitoring mechanisms in order to consolidate the previous efforts. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on echinococcosis cases reported online in Yunnan Province from 2005 to 2020 WEI Chun, LI Ben-fu, YANG Rui, GUO Xiao-lian, TANG Ye-Rong, WU Fang-wei, YANG Ya-ming, ZHOU Hong-ning 2021, 19 (6):  308-311.  Abstract ( 4282 )   PDF (353KB) ( 930 )   Objective To understand the endemic trend of echinococcosis in Yunnan Province for evidence to optimize the prevention and control measures for this infection. Methods The particular cases of echinococcosis in Yunnan Province reported in China Disease Prevention and Control Information System were obtained from 2005 to 2020,and statistically analyzed by descriptive epidemiology. Results Totally,134 cases of echinococcosis were reported throughout the 16 autonomous prefectures (cities) and 65 counties (districts) in Yunnan Province from 2005 to 2020. The cases reported most were topped by Dali prefecture( n= 37),Kunming City( n= 20) and Diqing prefecture(n = 10),and the top three incidence was Diqing prefecture(0. 157 1 / 100 000),Nujiang prefecture(0. 092 8 / 100 000) and Dali prefecture(0. 065 4 / 100 000). The male / female ratio was 1: 1. The occupation was associated with farmer / herdsman ( 55. 22%, n= 74 ) and students (12. 69%, n= 17). The youngest patient was only one year old,and the oldest was 81 years. The infection was the most seen in population aged from 21 and 50 years,with 70 cases (52. 24%) reported. 82. 84%(111 / 134) of the patients were confirmed as echinococcosis during the right years of infection,and 17. 16% (23 / 134) were confirmed by the second year after infection. One hundred and nine cases(81. 34%) were reported by medical institutions,and 16 (11. 94%) by CDC. Conclusion The cases of echinococcosis reported online in Yunnan Province tends to increase,yet underreporting still exists, for which we should strengthen management of reporting system,implement active disease screening in population in areas of higher risks,and provide health education for the target population. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the epidemiological characteristics in Myanmar people infected with HIV / AIDS in Tengchong City between 2010 and 2020 YANG Kai-fen, WU Jin-cong, ZHANG Ya-qing, XI Rong, ZHAO Zhen, WANG Jia-zhi 2021, 19 (6):  312-315.  Abstract ( 4368 )   PDF (443KB) ( 1064 )   Objective To analyze the epidemiological features of HIV / AIDS infection among Myanmar people currently living in Tengchong City,Yunnan Province,so as to provide scientific evidences in formulating prevention and control strategies for AIDS in this population group. Methods The data on the patients of Myanmar nationality infected with HIV / AIDS reported in Tengchong City were online collected from 2010 to 2020 via the subsystem for infectious disease surveillance under China Center for Disease Control and Prevention,and then analyzed using descriptive epidemiological method for epidemiological characteristics. Results A total of 592 cases of HIV / AIDS infection involved in Myanmar nationality were reported in Tengchong City from 2010 to 2020. HIV infection and AIDS cases accounted for 89. 70% (531 / 592) and 10. 30% (61 / 592),respectively. Most cases were reported in 2018( n= 116). The male / female ratio was 1. 97:1. The infection was dominant in patients aged between 21 and 30 years old,which accounted for 46. 28%(274 / 592) of the total infections. The occupation and marriage status were associated with farmers(89. 53%,530 / 592),married(53. 21%,315 / 592),and unmarried( 40. 54%, 240 / 592) . The infection was most seen in patients with educational background under primary school (73. 81%,437 / 592). Heterosexual transmission was the major route of infection(85. 30%,505 / 592). The infections were generally identified by blood test in medical institutions(31. 25%,185 / 592),quarantine for entry personnel(27. 36%,162 / 592) and physical examination for detainees(19. 26%,114 / 592). There was statistical difference in the gender proportion of HIV / AIDS infection and means to identify the infection in the Myanmar people( χ2 = 31. 014、167. 815,all P<0. 001). Conclusion HIV / AIDS infection tends to increase in Myanmar people living in Tengchong City. The findings suggest that our city is facing with a new challenge in following prevention and control of HIV / AIDS infection,for which collaboration from multi-sections is necessary,and the monitoring and corresponding interventions should be enhanced in the Myanmar people in Tengchong City. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical and imaging analysis for paragonimiasis in children in Yunnan Province LI Xiang, FU Xu-wen, GENG Peng, QI Min, CHEN Hai-yun 2021, 19 (6):  316-318,347.  Abstract ( 4037 )   PDF (621KB) ( 1323 )   Objective To investigate the clinical picture,laboratory findings and imaging manifestations of paragonimus infection in children for improving the diagnosis of this disease in children. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical picture,laboratory findings and imaging manifestations in 47 children confirmed or clinically diagnosed as paragonimiasis in our hospital between January 1,2016 and December 31,2019. Results Of the 47 patients,40 were boys, and 7 girls. The age ranged from 4 to 14 years old. All children were Yunnan nationalities,respectively from Zhaotong City(n= 42),Weshan district( n= 4) and Yuxi area( n= 1),and generally had history of consuming raw stream shrimps and crabs. The common symptoms included fever,cough,chest pain,headache,and abdominal pain. Laboratory studies indicated elevated peripheral blood eosinophils in 46 cases,and serum immunoglobulin IgE in 42 cases. Imaging examination revealed pleural effusion in 43 cases,and lung consolidation in 27 cases,in which " worm tunnel sign" was seen in 13 cases. Conclusion Combined diagnosis of paragonimus infection in children with routine blood studies and chest imaging as well as consideration of the epidemic history and clinical manifestations,can reduce misdiagnosis,and lead to early conclusion and early treatment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Survey on Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in HIV / AIDS infected patients in Fuyang City ZHANG Yuan, DU Wen-yan, WU Jian-jun, CAI Yi-hong, 2021, 19 (6):  319-321.  Abstract ( 4087 )   PDF (319KB) ( 804 )   Objective To understand the status of Toxoplasma gondii(T. gondii) infection in patients infected with HIV /AIDS in Fuyang city of Anhui Province,and investigate the effect of co-infection on the count of CD4+T lymphocytes for evidence in prevention and control of T. gondii  infection in patients infected with HIV / AIDS. Methods The newly reported patients infected with HIV / AIDS without medication were included from January 2020 to March 2021 in Fuyang city. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to measure the serum IgG antibody against T. gondii ,and the levels of CD4+T lymphocytes in all subjects. Results Totally,449 HIV / AIDS infected patients(348 males,75 females) underwent the survey. Thirty-six patients were unknown genders,and the patients aged from 20 to 60 years old. IgG antibody positive for T. gondii  was detected in 5 patients(1. 11%). CD4+T lymphocyte count was from the lowest 1 cell / μL to up to 1 616 cells / μL in patients with negative IgG antibody against T. gondii. The median ( interquartile range) was 287(170, 439) cells / μL. CD4+T lymphocyte count ranged minimally from 43 cells / μL to maximally 325 cells / μL in HIV / AIDS infected patients with IgG antibody positive for T. gondii ,with median ( interquartile range) of 139(86,237) cells / μL. The difference was insignificant in patients with negative or positive IgG T. gondii  antibody ( Z= -1. 749,P>0. 05). Conclusion T. gondii prevalence seems lower in HIV / AIDS infected patients in Fuyang city,and the relationship between CD4+T lymphocyte count and T. gondii  infection needs further investigating in such victims. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation on the enterovirus and infectious diarrhea virus in population in Yantian district of Shenzhen CUI Dong, XIAO Na, ZHONG Guan-nan, YANG Xiao-hua, GU Jia-ying, HONG Wen-teng 2021, 19 (6):  322-324,353.  Abstract ( 3930 )   PDF (1004KB) ( 1066 )   Objective To understand the status of recessive infection of enterovirus and infectious diarrhea virus in population in Yantian district of Shenzhen City for scientific evidence to formulate prevention and control measures. Methods In 2020,one community was randomly selected by clustering method as survey site from each of the four blocks (Haishan,Shatoujiao,Yantian and Meisha) under administration of Yantian District. Fecal samples were collected from local residents, and detected with real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR for norovirus,zavirus,rotavirus,star virus,intestinal adenovirus, intestinal universal type,enterovirus 71 (EV 71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16). Results Totally,813 aliquots of fecal samples were collected and tested,in which no zavirus,rotavirus,star virus,intestinal adenovirus,EV 71 and CA16 were detected. Universal type of human entrovirus,which was associated with oral polio vaccine,was found in 2 children,with a positive rate of 0. 25%. Norovirus(genogroup Ⅱ) was detected in 4 cases,with a positive rate of 0. 49%. Two out of the 4 norovirus positive samples were successfully sequenced,which were confirmed as genotype GⅡ. 2-GⅡ. P16 and GⅡ. 17-G Ⅱ. P17,and had higher homology with the strains prevalent in China in recent years. Conclusion Recessive infection of norovirus exists in the population in Yantian district of Shenzhen City. The findings suggest that surveillance should be strengthened key population and areas.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation on Paragonimus infection status in Xiuning County,Anhui Province ZHANG Le-sheng, LI Ting-ting, ZHANG Shi-qing, HUANG Jian-guo, ZHAI Du-juan, YANG Rong-sheng, WANG Qi, WANG Tian-ping 2021, 19 (6):  325-328.  Abstract ( 4414 )   PDF (496KB) ( 943 )   Objective To understand paragonimus infection status in Xiuning County of Anhui Province for evidences to formulate corresponding prevention and control measures for this infection. Methods According to the distribution characteristics of water system in Xiuning County,six administrative villages under 5 townships,including Hangxi Village,Chenxi Village,Yutang Village, Wangcun Village and Shandou Villiage along lǜshui water systems, and Rucun Village along Hengjiang river systems,were selected as the survey sites,where infection of paragonimuswas epidemiologically investigated in creek crabs,population and dogs. Results Sixty-five were identified to be infected with paragonimusmetacercariae in the 324 creek crabs captured in the 6 survey sites,with a total infection rate of 20. 06%. The infection rate was higher in Hengjiang river systems than in lǜshui water systems( χ2 = 77. 802,P<0. 05). A total of 515 people were tested in Wangcun Village and Rucun Village of which 39 were positive. The positive rate of paragonimiasis antibody was 7. 57%(39 / 515) in the population,yet there was no significant difference in male and female as well as in population from Wangcun Village and Rucun Village regarding the serum positive rate( χ2 = 0. 614,1. 124;both P>0. 05). The serum positive rate was higher in ≥35 years old than <35 years old( χ2 = 6. 969,P<0. 05). Paragonimus westermani eggs were detected in the canine feces samples in Wangcun and Rucun villages,with a total infection rate of 19. 23%(5 / 26). Conclusion Xiuning County represents the natural epidemic focus(rated as level Ⅲ) of Paragoniasis in Anhui Province. Our findings suggest that it is necessary to strengthen the health education and raise awareness of prevention and control among local residents,and effectively have the canines managed and monitored in order to control paragonimiasis epidemic. Related Articles | Metrics

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Survey on acaroid mites breeding in the storage room of staff canteen at a port in Hefei City SHI Quan, ZHU Lin, YUAN Liang-hui, WANG Sai-han, XU Jia, TAO Ning 2021, 19 (6):  329-331.  Abstract ( 4025 )   PDF (518KB) ( 966 )   Objective To understand the breeding status of acaroid mite in the storage room of staff canteen at a port in Hefei City. Methods Five samples of ground dust and 5 aliquots of ground rice were respectively collected from the grain storage rooms of two staff canteens at a port in Hefei. The mites were isolated from the samples by direct microscopy,and prepared into slide specimens,and then observed for the morphology under a light microscope,with the number counted. Results Acaroid mites were detected in the total 20 samples,with a detection rate of 100%. Five species of acaroid mites,including Tyrophagus putrescentiae,Suidasia esbitti,Lepidoglyphus destructor, Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus, were detected. A total of 986 acaroid mites were isolated from the samples. Average breeding density was 4. 93 capita per gram samples,and higher in ground flour than in ground rice. The average breeding density was up to 2. 18 capita of Tyrophagus putrescentiae per gram samples. Conclusion Our findings suggest that acaroid mites are breeding in the storage room of staff canteen at a port in Hefei City,and we should enhance the control measure to prevent incidence of acariasis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation on the breeding status of Carpoglyphus lactis in dried persimmons stored in northern Anhui Province  WANG Sai-han, LIU Xia, LIU Zong-di, YUAN Liang-hui, TAO Ning 2021, 19 (6):  332-334.  Abstract ( 3969 )   PDF (503KB) ( 1028 )   Objective To investigate the breeding status of Carpoglyphus lactis(C. lactis) in dried persimmons in the dried fruit stores in northern Anhui Province,so as to provide reference for control of C. lactis infestation in the dried persimmons available on market. Methods Dried persimmon samples which were stored≥6 months were collected from 30 dried fruit stores by the street in 6 counties in northern Anhui Province,each store collected 10g. The mites were initially isolated from the dried persimmons by direct microscopy,and then made into slide specimens,which were observed for the morphology under a light microscope and measured of the size. Finally,the mites were identified and counted comparison with the identification index and atlas of acaroid mites. Results A total of 30 dried persimmon samples were collected,in which C. lactis was detected in 23 samples. The breeding rate of C. lactis was 76. 67% (23 / 30),and the breeding density ranged from the highest being 36 capita to the lowest being 11 capita per gram of sample,with an average breeding density of 48. 71 capita per gram (14 612 capita / 300 g). Totally,12 322 adults (including nymphs),1 752 larvae and 538 eggs were detected. The constituent ratio of C. lactis  in different developmental stage was successively at 84. 33%,11. 99% and 3. 68% for adult,larva and egg,respectively. No hypopus was detected. Conclusion The dried persimmons in the fruit stores in northern Anhui Province were contaminated by C. lactis  to a certain degree,which suggests that corresponding effective prevention and control measures should be taken to reduce economic loss and incidences of acariasis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Surveillance and evaluation of schistosomiasis in Wuhan City in 2019 ZUO Yu-ting, LUO Hua-tang, XIONG Yue-ling, WANG Shuai, WANG Hao, LI Yang, XU Ming-xing 2021, 19 (6):  335-339.  Abstract ( 3853 )   PDF (522KB) ( 985 )   Objective To analyze the surveillance and risk assessment data of schistosomiasis in Wuhan City in 2019 for understanding the dynamic epidemic status data basis to develop elimination strategies. Methods The data,including regular monitoring,site surveillance and risk monitoring,were collected in Wuhan area in 2019,analyzed the momtoring results of population,livestock,snail,wild feces and environment,and evaluated the risk of epidemic transmission. Results No single case of schistosomiasis was reported by the direct reporting system in Wuhan in 2019. A total of 15 102 local residents from the 28 surveillance sites underwent serological test,which revealed positive in 97 people (0. 64%). The positive rate was higher in men than in women (0. 87% vs. 0. 41%, χ2 = 65. 67,P<0. 001),and tended to increase with advanced age group ( χ2 trend = 75. 58,P<0. 001). The occupation associated with relatively higher positive rate successively represented by boat fishermen,farmer,workers and retirees. Stool examination in 479 people showed no positive infection. No positive case was found in the 2 655 floating people in the surveillance sites undergone indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test. Stool test of the 197 heads of cattle in stock showed no positive infection. Snail survey was conducted in area of 1 875. 33 hm2,where 731. 21 hm2 were identified with snail prevalence. The density of living snail was 0. 018 / 0. 1 m2. There was no positive results in the 11 aliquots of wild feces collected. 240 sentinel mice were placed in the risk monitoring sites,and were totally negative by examination. No infection was found in another 14 aliquots of wild feces. A total of 187 987 frames of snail were inspected by district level institution,with an average density of the snail were 0. 006 5 / 0. 1m2. A total of 13 877 frames of snail were inspected by municipal level institution,with an average density of the snail were 0. 003 8 / 0. 1 m2,and no positive snails were detected. Risk assessment was concluded as class Ⅲ (low risk). Conclusion The epidemic of schistosomiasis continues to decline in Wuhan area after transmission interruption,and reaches the lowest level in history. However, potential risks such as the complex snail breeding environment,weak awareness of schistosomiasis prevention among high  risk population,difficulty to reduce the snail areas within the embankment and fecal pollution in snail areas,should not be ignored. These findings suggest endless monitoring and early warning should be strengthened in order to timely eliminate potential risks at early stage. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Qixia District of Nanjing City from 2003 to 2020c HOU Ning, ZHANG Qiu-ping 2021, 19 (6):  340-342.  Abstract ( 3794 )   PDF (432KB) ( 743 )   Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of malaria from 2003 to 2020 and seasonal growth and decline of malaria vectors in Qixia district from 2009 to 2020,so as to provide a basis for formulating scientific control strategies. Methods The data,including the malaria cases and annual malaria blood test findings reported from infectious disease information management system in Qixia District from 2003 to 2020,and the data generated from exposure questionnaires for epidemiological studies as well as those from mosquito vector surveillance during 2009 and 2020,were initially collected and statistically interpreted. Results Totally,51 cases of malaria were reported in Qixia District from 2003 to 2020,with an average annual incidence rate of 0. 44 per 100 000 population. Of reported cases,infection with Plasmodium vivax,  Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium ovale accounted for 68. 63% (35 / 51),15. 69% (8 / 51) and 5. 88% (3 /51),respectively,and another cases were unspecified(9. 80%,5 / 51) . Local infections and imported cases accounted respectively for 23. 53% (12 / 51) and 76. 47% (39 / 51). One local infection was reported in 2011. From 2009 to 2020,85,  Anopheles sinensis were captured,and no other species of Anopheles were captured,The density of Anopheles sinensis tended to decline. No Anopheles sinensis  was captured after 2016. Conclusion Although Qixia District passed the provincial evaluation of malaria elimination in 2015,yet imported case still occurs. The findings suggest that the situation of malaria prevention and control still remains serious,and it is necessary to further strengthen the surveillance and control of imported malaria epidemics. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effectively consolidating tertiary prevention networks to drive the process of schistosomiasis elimination TANG Ling, ZHAO Zheng-Yuan, LIU Jia-Xin, DENG Wei-Cheng 2021, 19 (6):  343-347.  Abstract ( 3734 )   PDF (529KB) ( 1279 )   Comprehensive measures for prevention and control of schistosomiasis implemented in China by targeting at control of infection sources has achieved dramatic results. Nevertheless,the complex epidemic factors of schistosomiasis make higher risks of resurgence of schistosomiasis. Tertiary prevention represents the strategies and measures for public health with primary goals to eliminate the risk factors affecting health,as well as to promote,protect and restore the health. This paper described the measures in prevention and control of schistosomiasis and effects achieved in China in terms of the tertiary prevention at individual level,with the expectation that an effective network on tertiary prevention basis can be consolidated,and the lessons can be drawn from this summary for reference in elimination of schistosomiasis in coming years. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances ingenomic DNA extraction from microarthropods without morphological damage FAN Hai-ye, CHEN Hui-lin, ZHU Yong-hang, WANG Yan, WANG Ruo-hang, ZHAO Wei, TAO Xiang-lin, SUN En-tao 2021, 19 (6):  348-350,357.  Abstract ( 3887 )   PDF (388KB) ( 1143 )   DNA extraction represents the key step for DNA barcoding and the basis of subsequent field study. Common genomic DNA extraction technique may result in damage to the important external morphological nature of microarthropods due to their smaller size,which makes it impossible to further identify the morphology. However,a method of DNA extraction without morphological damage can effectively make up for the deficiency of the former. This paper reviewed the genomic DNA extraction technique without morphological damage to the microarthropods,and compared the advantages and disadvantages of different genomic DNA extraction procedures for microarthropods,with an attempt to lay a foundation for further optimization,improvement and exploration of a simpler and more efficient DNA extraction technique without morphological damage. Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of electronic homework in improving the teaching effect of experimental course of Human Parasitology YAO Yong, DU Yi-nan, REN Cui-ping, LIU Miao, WANG Xue-long, JI Yong-sheng 2021, 19 (6):  351-353.  Abstract ( 3858 )   PDF (338KB) ( 969 )   Objective To investigate the role of electronic homework in improving the teaching effect of experimental course of Human Parasitology. Methods The undergraduates majoring in clinical medicine from international class,enrolled in Anhui Medical University in 2015,were included,and divided into three groups. Homework on the experimental course of Human Parasitology was delivered by either hard copy(H group) or soft copy(E group),and hard copy plus online submission(H+E group). Academic achievement upon completion of the course was evaluated by identifying and describing the 25 parasite specimens in the final examination paper. Results The final scores of students were in H group,E group and H+E group were (85. 66±4. 48) points,(83. 07±5. 09) points and (82. 55±4. 52) points,respectively. The difference was significant ( F= 3. 83,P< 0. 05) . The results of microscopic identification of parasite samples were ( 58. 33 ± 5. 91) points, (57. 69±5. 27) points and (60. 69±5. 09) points,respectively,for the three groups,and the difference was significant( F=2. 62,P<0. 05). The scores on microscopic observation of the protozoan samples were respectively (33. 25±2. 98) points, (33. 60± 2. 85) points and ( 35. 29± 2. 17) points in the three groups,and the difference was significant( F= 5. 06, P<0. 05). Conclusion The assignment handed in by both hard copy and soft copy can improve the achievement in students in experimental course for Human Parasitology,especially,their ability in microscopic identification of the protozoan specimens. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the enrollment status of postgraduates from National Institute for Viral Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention from 2015 to 2020 YAN Wen-jing, CHEN Jia, SONG Juan 2021, 19 (6):  354-357.  Abstract ( 5123 )   PDF (477KB) ( 860 )   Objective To understand the status of postgraduates enrolled in National Institute for Viral Disease Prevention and Control of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(China CDC) for references in cultivating corresponding talents in public health services. Methods The basic information concerning the graduates enrolled in the National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention (IVDC) of China CDC between 2015 and 2020 were collected,and the number of students enrolled,age,gender and original major were statistically analyzed. Results Totally,172 graduate students,including 95 master candidates and 77 doctoral candidates,were enrolled from 2015 to 2020. The enrollment was fluctuated slightly between 2015 and 2020,yet remained stable in general,and was markedly increased in 2020. The average age of master degree and doctoral candidates were (23. 5±0. 51) years and (30. 05±0. 65) years,respectively,and females were higher than males. Fresh graduates accounted for 42. 86% ~ 78. 57% and 30. 77% ~ 66. 67% respectively for the master degree candidates and doctoral candidates in the total enrollment between 2015 and 2020. The proportion of on-the-job candidates was 0~ 13. 33% among postgraduates,and 27. 27% ~ 53. 85% in the doctoral students. The major of postgraduates during their undergraduate study was associated with preventive medicine (45. 26%),biotechnology (22. 11%) and sanitary inspection (9. 47%),whereas the special field of doctoral candidates during their master study varied a lot,in which whose major was biotechnology and sanitary inspection accounted for 24. 68% and 14.29%,respectively. Conclusion The enrollment of graduate students in IVDC of China CDC tends to increase. The age structure and gender ratio of the graduates remain relatively stable,and the major of the students vary a lot. By the current status of enrollment,we are sure that we can deliver more interdisciplinary talents for the demand of public health through optimizing the training plan. Related Articles | Metrics