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20 October 2021, Volume 19 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Epidemiological status and control of important food-borne parasitic diseases in China QIAN Men-bao, LI Shi-zhu, ZHOU Xiao-nong, 2021, 19 (5):  241.  Abstract ( 1987 )   PDF (428KB) ( 2198 )   Clonorchiasis, taeniasis and cysticercosis, paragonimiasis, fascioliasis, angiostrongyliasis, and toxoplasmosis are important food-borne parasitic diseases in China. The epidemiology and control progress on these diseases are reviewed,and the challenges on further control as well as corresponding response strategies are discussed in this paper. Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation and reflection on key issues of Guidelines for Tuberculosis Prevention and Control in Chinese Schools (2020 edition) SHI Si-jiu, FANG Xue-hui, ZHANG Gen-you 2021, 19 (5):  245.  Abstract ( 1341 )   PDF (406KB) ( 1314 )   Students are the key group of tuberculosis prevention and control work in China,and tuberculosis prevention and control represents crucial and difficult tasks as well as hotspot of infectious disease prevention and control in school campus, for which the National Health Commission and Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China jointly drafted and issued the Guidelines for Tuberculosis Prevention and Control in Chinese Schools (2020 Edition). This paper aims at discussing and interpreting some key issues specified in the guideline,including strategies and countermeasures in school tuberculosis prevention and control,health examination and tuberculosis screening upon start of school semesters,establishment of warning response mechanisms,screening and management of the suspected contacts,and quality control and management of the diagnosis and treatment in confirmed cases,with an attempt to provide reference to routine prevention and control of tuberculosis in school administration affaires. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation and countermeasure analysis of COVID-19 on schistosomiasis control in Hunan Province XIA Meng, YU Xin-ling, LI Guang-ping, HOU Xun-ya, DENG Yi, LUO Zhen-hua, LI Wen, ZHOU Jie, CHENG Xiang-hui 2021, 19 (5):  249.  Abstract ( 1221 )   PDF (362KB) ( 904 )   Objective To analyze the difficulties and challenges in current schistosomiasis prevention and control under the influence of COVID-19 epidemic,and investigate the priority and focus following the COVID-19 epidemic,as well as propose some key points in following schistosomiasis control,so as to provide decision-making basis and technical support for promoting the elimination of schistosomiasis in Hunan Province. Methods By the actual situation of schistosomiasis control in Hunan Province under COVID-19 prevalence and the goals to eliminate schistosomiasis,we conducted a series of surveys in 16 counties (districts) in Hunan,where the areas are heavily responsible for schistosomiasis prevention and relatively serious in COVID-19 epidemic,through questionnaires,interviews and video conferences,and analyzed the short and long-term effects of COVID-19 prevalence on the work involved in schistosomiasis prevention and control. Results During the emergency period in prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic,efforts of all organizations in the areas surveyed were thrown in prevention and control of COVID-19 pandemic,which produced significant short-term impact on schistosomiasis prevention and control,and the impacts were prominent in screening and treatment of schistosomiasis on population basis, provision of health education and epidemic monitoring. The completion rate for each mission as scheduled was less than 20%. Nevertheless,the delayed tasks during regular prevention and control of COVID-19 pandemic were generally made up. Most interviewees considered that they shall insist on fully executing the mission and achieving the goal of schistosomiasis prevention and control as well as completely funding the prevention program,and expected that the tasks was to be successfully completed by the end this year. Conclusion COVID-19 epidemic,to a certain degree,has produced short-term impact on the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in Hunan Province. However,schistosomiasis prevention and control workers should learn from prevention and control of COVID-19 prevalence,and spare no efforts to improve the capacity and  level of coping with the major public health emergencies by strengthening construction of early,intelligent monitoring and warning systems in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation on the genetic variation of mitochondrial genes in Schistosoma japonicum species in different areas of Anhui Province MA Xiao-he, WANG Min, ZHU Lei, GUO Jian-duo, LI Qing-yue, LIU Ting, ZHAI Du-juan, SUN Cheng-song, ZHANG Shi-qing, WANG Tian-ping 2021, 19 (5):  254.  Abstract ( 1106 )   PDF (595KB) ( 968 )   Objective To investigate the genetic evolutionary relationship among Schistosoma japonicum populations in different areas within Anhui Province. Methods Naturally Oncomelania hupensis were collected form the hilly / mountainous regions(Shitai County in Chizhou City) and swamp / lake areas( Daguan district in Anqing City,Zongyang County in Tongling City). Cercariae escaped from the infected snails obtained in diverse locality were used to infect laboratory-raised female BALB / c mice by dose of (50±3) cercariae in individual mouse. Then the mice were dissected 35 days after infection to collect the adult worms via portal vein perfusion technique. DNA was extracted from the adults to undergo PCR amplification,cloning and sequencing of the mitochondrial dehydrogenase 1( ND1) and cytochrome C oxidase subunit Ⅰ( COⅠ) gene fragments. The sequences were analyzed by bioinformatics software Dnasp 6. 0 and Mega X. Evolutionary trees were constructed using the neighbor-joining method with MEGA software ( version 10. 2. 2) to observe the evolution clues. Results Fifteen nucleotide variation sites in ND1 gene and 74 in COⅠ gene were identified in the samples obtained in three districts. The nucleotide diversity (Pi) of ND1 and COⅠ gene was 0. 004 7 and 0. 017 3,respectively. The variation of CO Ⅰ between these samples was a little higher than that of ND1 gene. Variable sites of ND1 and COⅠ genes and Pi were higher in the samples from swamp / lake areas than in those from hilly / mountainous regions. Samples from Shitai County were independent in the tree based on COⅠ gene,yet all of the samples were gathered together in the tree at the foundation of ND1 gene. Conclusion The genetic diversity is higher in S. japonicum from marshy regions than in that from hilly regions. The results indicated that there was some differences between the COⅠ gene of S. japonicum from hilly region and marshy region in Anhui province, and meanwhile there was no significant differences between the ND1 gene of these S. japonicum worms by now. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental observation on IL-10 in regulating liver inflammation and fibrosis in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum JIN Yu, LIU Dao-hua, JIN Wei, HU Ming-chuang, WANG Qi-zhi 2021, 19 (5):  259.  Abstract ( 1140 )   PDF (856KB) ( 800 )   Objective To observe the role and mechanism of IL-10 in the acute phase of Schistosoma japonicum infection in model mice infected by Schistosoma japonicum for new theoretical basis in prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis. Methods Abdominal patch was used to develop mouse models. After two days of infection with Schistosoma japonicum, IL-10R blocking antibody was intraperitoneally applied to the infected mice in experimental group once every two weeks, and Rat IgG1 was administered in mice in control group in the same protocol. By the 6th week, the serum and liver samples were taken to measure the indicators involved in liver fibrosis, including serum ALT level, and pathological changes of the liver after staining with H&E and Sirius red. Flow cytometry was used detect changes of macrophage subgroups in liver tissues,and quantitative PCR, ELISA and CBA were performed to detect the variation of liver inflammatory factors. Results Elevated ALT level( t= 5. 505,P<0. 05), enlarged granuloma in individual egg( t= 4. 817,P<0. 05), increased collagen deposition and count of pro-inflammatory Ly6Chi acrophages in the liver( t= 27. 63,P<0. 05) as well as boosted local inflammatory factors, including CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, TNF-α, IL-1b、IL-6、IL-12a and IL-12b, were seen in mice in the experimental group infected with Schistosoma japonicum compared to those in the control group. Conclusion Aggravated inflammation and fibrosis phenotype seen in mice with Schistosoma japonicum infection following IL-10R blocking antibody treatment proves that IL-10 plays an extremely important role in regulating the liver inflammation and fibrosis caused by Schistosoma japonicum, and our findings can provide a new consideration in treating schistosomiasis using IL-10 as the target. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of temperature stress on some respiratory enzymes in Oncomelania hupensis  PAN Zhong-wu, GUI Lin, HU Xia, ZHANG Qin, ZHOU Shu-lin 2021, 19 (5):  264.  Abstract ( 1123 )   PDF (353KB) ( 934 )   Objective To investigate the changes of cytochrome oxidase(COX) and succinate dehydrogenase ( SDH) contents in Oncomelania hupensis(O. hupensis) under laboratory condition and temperature stress ( high temperature and low temperature). Methods O. hupensis snails were randomly divided into control group ( T = 20 ℃ ),low temperature group (T = 4 ℃ ) and high temperature group (T = 37 ℃ ). Soft tissues of the snails were taken at 24 h after treatment by the different temperature to measure the changes of COX and SDH level in each group. Results The content of COX and SDH in the soft tissues was (27. 11±2. 31) U / L,(21. 90± 0. 32) U / L and ( 21. 42± 1. 84) U / L;( 1. 30± 0. 002) U / L,( 1. 24±0. 05)U / L and (1. 12 ± 0. 02) U / L,respectively for the control,low temperature group and high temperature group. The difference was significant among groups( F= 10. 145,P<0. 05 for COX; F= 124. 624,P<0. 05 for SDH). Conclusion COX and SDH contents tend to decrease in the soft tissue of O. hupensis under temperature stress. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation on the first intermediate host of Paragonimus and its cercaria infection in Pingnan County,Fujian Province ZHENG Dan, LIN Chen-xin, CAI Wu-wei, XIE Han-guo 2021, 19 (5):  266.  Abstract ( 918 )   PDF (788KB) ( 1055 )   Objective To investigate the endemic status of the first intermediate host species of Paragonimus and its cercaria infection in Pingnan County for evidence to prevent paragonimiasis infection in the local area. Methods By the cases of paragonimiasis as clues,we collected the snail samples in the creek holes in Tianfeng village,Daixi Town,Pingnan County of Fujian Province,where the creek crabs were preyed the patients before infection. The snail habitats were observed,and the snail species was morphologically identified. The status of Paragonimus cercaria infection was examined by direct compression method,with the infection rate and morphology being calculated and identified. Results Totally,3 species of snails were collected,and identified as P. ianouensis,Assimenea, Semisulcospira libertine by their morphology. A total of 2 341 P. jianouensis snails were examined,of which 6 were positive for Paragonimus cercariae,and the infection rate was 0. 26% (6 / 2 341),yet no cercariae were detected in 1 276 Assimenea and 2 215 Semisulcospira libertine snails. The cercariae were eventually identified as Paragonimus skrjabini. Conclusion Tianfeng village is a newly discovered natural focus for Paragonimus skrjabini. Our findings suggest that public health education on paragonimiasis should be strengthened in order to prevent the prevalence of paragonimiasis in the rural areas. Related Articles | Metrics

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Management effects after reemergence of Oncomelania hupensisand transmission risk of schistosomiasis in Yingde City of Guangdong Province  LI Wei-quan, LAN Qiu-xin 2021, 19 (5):  270.  Abstract ( 944 )   PDF (378KB) ( 884 )   Objective To understand the epidemic situation following reemergence of Oncomelania hupensis and the control effect of schistosomiasis in Yingde area for developing the prevention and control measures in following work. Methods The data,including survey and eradication of Oncomelania hupensis,surveillance results in population and livestock as well as wild feces,were collected from 2019 to 2020,and analyzed to estimate the risks of schistosomiasis occurrence and transmission in Yingde area. Results Oncomelania hupensis were reemerged in a total of 105 648. 94 m2 in 2019,yet no living snails were detected by the end of May of 2020 after molluscicidal elimination. No infected snails were found in a total of 6 949 live Oncomelania hupensis detected. 2 503 permanent residents in the historical epidemic area and 418 floating people underwent blood test using IHA,which indicated positive serology rate by 0. 20%(5 / 2 503) and 0. There was no positive findings by stool examination. Also,155 livestock around the epidemic village received antibody test for schistosomiasis, which indicated totally negative results. Test of the 200 aliquots of wild feces also showed negative findings. The correct knowledge rate for schistosomiasis prevention and control was 95. 17% and 96. 77%,respectively,in villagers and primary school students within or neighboring the endemic areas. The risk for schistosomiasis transmission was rated as grade Ⅲ in Yingde area. Conclusion Oncomelania hupensis prevalence has been effectively controlled in Yingde City. Following efforts should be focused on surveillance over the imported transmission sources,strengthened monitoring of the snail status and maintenance of facilities in the targeted areas. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the surveillance results of schistosomiasis epidemic in Hefei City from 2016 to 2020 ZHU Li, WU Jun, PAN Xiao-xiang, WEI Hong-sheng 2021, 19 (5):  273.  Abstract ( 1028 )   PDF (320KB) ( 668 )   Objective To understand the epidemic trend of schistosomiasis in Hefei through systematically analyzing the endemic status of schistosomiasis in national surveillance sites from 2016 to 2020 for scientific evidence to develop prevention and control strategies for schistosomiasis in Hefei. Methods Monitoring data were collected from the national surveillance sites within Hefei area from 2016 throughout 2020,and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Overall,the snail situation in Hefei area remained stable between 2016 and 2020,though fluctuation occurred in small range. Snail reemerged in an area of 0. 50 hm2 in 2019,yet no infected snails were found by microscopic examination. Positive rate of blood test for  Schistosoma japonicum in population was decreased to zero from the maximal 0. 27% in 2018. There was no location infection in population or in livestock in the past five years. Conclusion Comprehensive strategies focusing on control of the transmission sources were uninterruptedly implemented in Hefei area from 2016 to 2020,which resulted in schistosomiasis infection in relatively lower scale in history throughout the city,though the risks of local transmission still exist in certain areas. The following efforts should be targeted at those areas by continuously strengthening the surveillance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in national surveillance sites of Jinhu County from 2016 to 2020 LI Shu-mei, LI Qian, SUN Dao-kuan 2021, 19 (5):  276.  Abstract ( 858 )   PDF (364KB) ( 822 )   Objective To understand the epidemic status of schistosomiasis in Jinhu County of Jiangsu Province from 2016 to 2020 for scientific evidences to develop targeted prevention and control measures. Methods According to the requirements of National Schistosomiasis Monitoring Scheme(2014 Edition),we conducted annual monitoring over the prevalence of snails,and schistosomiasis in population and livestock in the surveillance sites. Meanwhile,the implementation of prevention and control measures was reviewed. Results Totally,34 surveys were conducted in 10 environments within the national surveillance sites in Jinhu County from 2016 to 2020. No snails were found in 47 231 frames,with an area of 1 286. 68 hm2 surveyed. Serological tests were performed in a total of 1 546 permanent residents / times,which revealed positive DDIA in 22 people / times,with a positive rate of 0. 65% ~ 2. 95%. Positive IHA was found in 23 persons / times,with a positive rate of 0. 97% ~ 1. 97%. Fecal examination was carried in 38 persons / times,which showed no positive findings. A total of 1 031 floating people underwent examination,which indicated positive DDIA and IHA in 18 and 16,with a positive rate of 0. 50% ~2. 48%,and 0. 50% ~ 2. 40%, respectively. Fecal examination conducted in 32 floating people showed no positive results. The positive rate for DDIA and IHA was 0 ~ 1. 58% and 0 ~ 1. 58%,and 0 ~ 15. 00% and 3. 03% ~ 12. 50%,respectively in floating population received active or passive monitoring. No schistosomiasis was detected in the 159 livestock examined. The total of 152. 26 hm2 snail area was controlled by using molluscicides,38 persons / times underwent chemotherapy with praziquantel,and 10 800 persons / times received health education. Conclusion The epidemic situation of schistosomiasis in Jinhu County remains relatively stable,yet the risk of transmission still exists,suggesting that surveillance should be strengthened in order to consolidate the previous efforts. Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological analysis on dengue fever in Nanshan District of Shenzhen City from 2016 to 2020 HUANG Yan-fei, WANG Zheng-duo, WANG Jia, DAI Chuan-wen 2021, 19 (5):  279.  Abstract ( 1020 )   PDF (482KB) ( 916 )   Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever in Nanshan District of Shenzhen City from 2016 to 2020 and the behaviors of victims in hospital visiting for evidence in prevention and control of this infection. Methods The case data and surveillance results of the vectors dengue infection were collected in Nanshan District from 2016 to 2020,and analyzed using descriptive epidemiology for the epidemical features. Results A total of 198 dengue cases were reported in Nanshan District from 2016 to 2020,in which 110 were local infections and 88 were imported cases. The average annual incidence rate was 2. 73 / 100 000 population. Dengue fever was prevalent throughout the year except March,and the most reported in September and October, which accounted for 65. 66% ( 130 / 198) of the reported cases. Dengue infection occurred in the eight communities within Nanshan District,with the highest in the community of Shekou,Xili and Taoyuan,accounting for 4. 96,3. 76,and 3. 16 per 100 000 population. The age of onset ranged from 10 to 81 years,yet population aged between 20 and 59 years were most affected(169 cases,85. 36%). The average annual infection was higher in males than in females(3. 28 / 100 000 vs. 2. 12 / 100 000),and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2 = 9. 041,P<0. 05). Six outbreaks occurred in 2016 and 2020,of which 4 were in construction sites. Mosquito monitoring indicated that Breteau index (BI) was peaked from August to September,and rose above the alert value between June and October. In the 198 cases of dengue fever,36. 87% were confirmed at initial diagnosis,and 70. 71% were treated on hospitalization basis. The initial diagnosis rate in public hospitals was 58. 59%. The interval between onset and first visit was 1 day (0 ~3 d),and between onset and diagnosis was 5 day(3~ 6 d). Imported cases were higher than local infections in public hospitals by the first hospital visit,and the interval between onset and first visit was longer in imported cases than in local infections. The difference was significant( χ2 = 4. 672, Z= 0. 493,all P<0. 05). Conclusion The dengue epidemic remains serious in Nanshan District. Our findings suggest that all medical institutions and organizations involved in mosquito eradication should be intensively trained for diagnosis and treatment,prevention and control. In addition,personnel returned from foreign countries and employees in construction sites should be provided with health education in order to achieve early detection, early diagnosis and early isolation of dengue fever. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in functions and detection methods of insect intestinal microflora LÜ Wen-xiang, LIU Li-juan, GONG Mao-qing 2021, 19 (5):  284.  Abstract ( 1178 )   PDF (426KB) ( 1557 )   The special intestinal structure of insects provides a habitat for microbial communities,and the stability and diversity of these intestinal microbes enable the host to perform normal physiological functions. In recent years,molecular biology,metagenomics,bioinformatics and other technologies have overcome the defects of traditional isolation and culture methods and become the main methods for in-depth study of insect intestinal flora. In this paper,the functions and detection methods of insect intestinal microflora were reviewed in order to provide reference and ideas for the study of insect intestinal microflora and the management of harmful insects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in the shifting trend of dominant genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus and its control strategies in China YUAN Zhong-fen, DI Di, LI Zong-jie, WEI Jian-chao 2021, 19 (5):  292.  Abstract ( 1115 )   PDF (430KB) ( 1527 )   Japanese encephalitis is a zoonosis caused by Japanese encephalitis virus. It is mainly transmitted through bites of mosquitoes in natural environment,causing diseases such as injury of human central nervous system and disorders in pig breeding as well as leading to serious threat to the public health and safety. Currently,the dominant genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus is shifting from GⅢ to GIⅠ because of the adaptability difference of the virus in waterfowl hosts. Transformation of the dominant Japanese encephalitis virus genotypes and extension of epidemic scope have brought new challenges to disease prevention and control. This paper reviews the research progress in the shifting trend of dominant genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus and its control strategies in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress and visualization analysis of echinococcosis by CiteSpace BAO Ting-rui, WANG Jian-xin, CHEN Zhao-song, ZHANG De-xi, SUN Zhang-yun, AN Bei 2021, 19 (5):  297.  Abstract ( 1300 )   PDF (865KB) ( 805 )   Objective To analyze the status and trends of echinococcosis prevalence in the past 20 years for reference in domestic research of this infection. Methods Publications on the studies of echinococcosis were retrieved from 2001 to 2020 through CNKI database,and visually analyzed pertinent to the quantity of published studies,authors,research institutions and journals using CiteSpace and Excel 2019. Then the map on scientific knowledge in the field of hydatidosis research was developed. Results Totally,5 968 articles were retrieved. The publications were the most in 2018,with 484 articles appeared. Most studies(596) were contributed by The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University,and by Wen Hao,whose contribution was 296 articles. Most articles were published in the Journal of Pathogen Biology (335) and Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases ( 291) . Research hotspots were primarily composed of " hydatid disease" ," hepatic alveolar echinococcosis" and " prevention and treatment" . Conclusion Research interest in echinococcosis has increased continuously from 2001 to 2020,and the research team consists of surgeons from affiliated hospitals of universities. The research institutions are mostly involved in areas with higher prevalence of echinococcosis,and the research hotspots are associated with diagnosis,treatment and prevention of this infection. Quantitative and visual analysis of current publications can lead to better understanding of the research interest and trends in echinococcosis as well as reference in the field of study of this entity. Related Articles | Metrics