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20 August 2021, Volume 19 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Establishment of LAMP technique for detecting metacercariae in freshwater fish infected with Clonorchis sinensis ZHU Hai, WANG Qi-zhi, SUN Cheng-song, YIN Xiao-mei, WANG Feng-feng, JIN Yu, ZHANG Shi-qing 2021, 19 (4):  181.  Abstract ( 698 )   PDF (1472KB) ( 1358 )   Objective To establish a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for detecting the metacercariae in freshwater fish infected with Clonorchis sinensis. Methods ITS2 gene sequence of Clonorchis sinensis was used as the target sequence,and three sets of LAMP primers,including Cs-1,Cs-2 and Cs-3 were synthesized. The specificity of the three sets of primers was compared based on the samples of Clonorchis sinensis metacercaria as a template,and reference samples using DNA extracted from adult Schistosoma japonicum,adult tapeworms,roundworm eggs and metacercariae of other trematode. The sensitivity of the three sets of primers was compared in compliance with different concentration of genomic DNA from adult Clonorchis sinensis as a template. Finally,the sensitivity and specificity of LAMP were concurrently evaluated by comparing PCR findings in detecting the metacercariae in 16 samples of Clonorchis sinensis and 23 samples from other flukes. Results Of the three sets of primers,Cs-3 was the best in sensitivity and specificity. LAMP reaction system established on Cs-3 basis can reveal the DNA in adult Clonorchis sinensis by up to 3. 33×10-4 ng / μL at the minimal detection concentration,and the sensitivity and specificity were identical to PCR measurement,both of which were 100%. Conclusion A LAMP method for detecting metacercaria of Clonorchis sinensis in freshwater fish was successfully established,which can provide a quick and efficient detection approach to monitoring of parasitic diseases in freshwater fish. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of avian influenza viruses surveillance results in the external environment in Gansu Province from 2017 to 2018 LI Bao-di, LI Hong-yu, XU Cong-shan, ZHANG Hui, WANG Xue-ying, ZHAO Zhe, WANG Peng, YU De-shan 2021, 19 (4):  185.  Abstract ( 625 )   PDF (749KB) ( 911 )   Objective To understand the distribution of avian influenza viruses in the environment of live poultry markets in Gansu Province from 2017 to 2018,so as to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of avian influenza epidemic. Method Environmental samples,including swabs of the surface and feces,were collected from the cages in live poultry wholesale markets,urban and rural farmers' markets,poultry farms ( households) and poultry free-range households in 14 cities (prefectures) of Gansu Province,and undergone real-time fluorescence RT-PCR for detection of influenza A virus nucleic acid (FluA). The positive samples were further detected for H5,H7 and H9 subtypes of avian influenza virus nucleic acids. Results Totally,7 038 samples were collected from the external environment,in which 1 510 samples were identified positive for FluA,with a total positive rate being 21. 45%. The positive rate for subtype H5,H7 and H9 was 0. 06% ( 4 /7 038),1. 19%(84 / 7 038)and 20. 52%(1 444 / 7 038),respectively. Mixed H5 and H9,and H7 and H9 infection was respectively detected in 2 and 20 samples. The positive rate for FluA was different in diverse samples ( χ2 = 50. 232, P<0. 01). The highest positive rate(36. 04%) was found in swabs of the chopping boards for killing or treating the poultry,and the lowest(13. 27%) in the water samples for feeding the poultry. FluA detection rate was the highest in January 2018 (36. 64%),and the lowest in June 2017 (5. 60%). The detection rate of FluA was the highest in Dingxi City (63. 32%). Conclusion The environmental sites in Gansu Province from 2017 to 2018 was contaminated by avian influenza virus,with subtype H9 being dominant. Subtypes H7 and H5 as well as mixed infection were also detected in our samples,which suggests that strengthened active monitoring is necessary in following work. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the related risk factors for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis complicated with lung alveolar echinococcosis  CHEN Rui, WANG Zhi-xin, XU Xiao-Lei, WANG Kai-qiang, ZHOU Liu-xin, FAN Hai-ning, WANG Hai-jiu, 2021, 19 (4):  189.  Abstract ( 531 )   PDF (355KB) ( 708 )   Objective To investigate the related risk factors for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis complicated with lung alveolar echinococcosis. Methods General data,laboratory and imaging findings were collected from the patients of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis complicated with lung alveolar echinococcosis (combined group) and those of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis without lung alveolar echinococcosis (control group),treated in the Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University between October 2017 and April 2019. Then the related factors affecting occurrence of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis concomitant with lung alveolar echinococcosis were analyzed. Results Forty-nine cases of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis complicated with lung alveolar echinococcosis,and 55 cases of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis without lung alveolar echinococcosis were included. There was no significant difference in gender and age between groups( χ2 = 2. 164,2. 780,respectively,both P>0. 05). Univariate regression analysis indicated that HBeAg,infiltration of the intrahepatic lesions into posterior-inferior vena cava,hepatic arteries,hepatic veins and portal veins were the influencing factors for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis concomitant with lung alveolar echinococcosis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that invasion of intrahepatic lesions into posterior-inferior vena cava and hepatic veins were independent risk factors for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis complicated with lung alveolar echinococcosis. Conclusion For patients of alveolar echinococcosis with ambiguous lung lesions,sound judgment can be made in accordance with preoperative imaging findings of intrahepatic lesions and lung lesions,with implementation of targeted intervention,so as to maximize the clinical benefits for such patients. Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial clustering analysis of schistosomiasis prevalence in Ma’anshan City from 2011 to 2020 WANG Wei-chun, ZHAN Ti, FAN Ze-han, ZHU Ying-fu, DUAN Yong-mei, CAO Zhi-guo 2021, 19 (4):  194.  Abstract ( 563 )   PDF (1899KB) ( 818 )   Objective To analyze the spatial clustering characteristics of schistosomiasis prevalence in Ma’ anshan from 2011 to 2020 for evidences to develop prevention and control measures. Methods Between 2011 and 2020,spatial database of serological examination in population in Ma’anshan area were established based on the endemic village. Kernel density analysis,Moran' s Iindex,and Getis-Ord Gi∗ index were used for global and local spatial autocorrelation analysis. Results The positive rate of schistosomiasis antibody in population in Ma’ anshan was declined overall from 2011 to 2020, and dissimilar in different years ( χ2 = 5. 139,P<0. 01). Kernel density estimation showed that southeastern and eastern areas in Huyang Town were the medium-high density area with positive blood test in periods of the 12th and the 13th Five-Year Plan,yet the former medium-high density areas,including Jiangxin Town,Huangchi River and north region of Shijiu Lake, were changed into low density areas in the period of the 13th Five-Year Plan. The global Moran's I indicated that the positive rate by blood test in population in Ma’ anshan City were spatially clustered from 2011 to 2020. Local hotspot analysis showed that Jiangxin Town,Huyang Town,and some endemic villages along Yangtze River,including Hexian County,Huashan District and Yushan District were hotspot gathering areas during the periods of the 12th and the 13th Five-Year Plan. And in the 13th Five Year Plan period,hotspot appeared gathered in areas along Dagongweijia river in Dangtu County,and was expanded in areas along the Yangtze River within Hexian county. Conclusion There was a significant positive spatial autocorrelation and clustering for schistosomiasis prevalence in Ma’anshan area between 2011 and 2020,yet the clustering area tends to change during that period. Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemic characteristics of influenza in Yantian District of Shenzhen City from 2016 to 2020 CUI Dong, XIAO Na, ZHONG Guan-nan, YANG Xiao-hua, GU Jia-ying, HONG Wen-teng 2021, 19 (4):  199.  Abstract ( 552 )   PDF (646KB) ( 904 )   Objective To analyze the epidemiological feature of influenza in Yantian District of Shenzhen City for estimation of the epidemic trend and evidence to develop prevention and control strategies for influenza. Methods The data pertinent to surveillance over the influenza-like cases (ILI),outbreak of influenza in areas under the administration of Yantian District as well as the findings of pathogen detection were collected from 2016 to 2020,and statistically analyzed. Results Totally,1 563 ILI cases were reported from the sentinel hospitals in Yantian District of Shenzhen City from 2016 to 2020,of which 898 were males and 665 females. The patients aged from zero to 15 years,accounting for 67. 31%(1 052 / 1 563) of the reported cases. 1 563 samples of ILI were obtained from 2016 to 2020,in which 302 samples were identified positive, with a total positive rate being 19. 32%. Between 2016 and 2020,the positive rate of ILI was 23. 79%,21. 39%,16. 23%, 31. 11% and 2. 42%,respectively,and had statistical difference among years( χ2 = 87. 829,P<0. 05). The dominant influenza subtypes were associated with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and B (Victoria) in 2016,A(H3N2) and A(H1N1) pdm09 in 2017,A(H1N1)pdm09 and B ( Victoria) in 2018,A( H1N1) pdm09,A( H3N2) and B ( Victoria) in 2019. Only A (H3N2) was detected in 2020. Eighty-two outbreaks of ILI were reported from 2016 to 2020. A total of 451 samples were collected,in which 314 were positive. The positive rate was 69. 62%. The outbreak occurred primarily in primary schools and secondary schools. Conclusion Our results suggest that the flu subtypes are alternately prevalent in different surveillance years in Yantian District. The population aged 0~ 15 years are most affected,and schools should be intensively monitored in following prevention and control efforts. In addition,the flu vaccination should be expanded in key population,and the surveillance should be strengthened in schools. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of schistosomiasis epidemic in Lianxi District of Jiujiang City from 2002 to 2019 HU Yu-ting, ZOU Ping-hong, YUAN Min 2021, 19 (4):  203.  Abstract ( 597 )   PDF (332KB) ( 768 )   Objective To analyze the epidemic dynamics of schistosomiasis transmission from 2002 to 2019 in Lianxi District,Jiujiang City,so as to provide reference for updating prevention strategies in areas with schistosomiasis interruption. Methods The data on schistosomiasis prevention and control in Lianxi District,Jiujiang City,were collected from 2002 to 2019,and analyzed concerning the changes of schistosomiasis infection in population,livestock and snail prevalence. Results From 2012 to 2019,no local schistosomiasis patients or sick livestock were found for the 8 consecutive years. The corrected infection rate was decreased from 0. 43% and 4. 20% to zero,respectively for population and livestock. Between 2002 and 2019,the areas with snails were ascended in fluctuating fashion,and peaked in 2016,yet no infected snails were found in 10 consecutive years(2010—2019). Population corrected infection rate was positively correlated with the number of cattle in stock,and negatively with the funding of schistosomiasis prevention and control. Conclusion Schistosomiasis epidemic situation in Lianxi District was steadily declined from 2002 to 2019. In the absence of fundamental changes in the snail breeding environments,current control strategies on schistosomiasis have achieved a lot based on human and livestock chemotherapy,supplemented by snail control in susceptible areas and health education. However,challenges to consolidation and elimination of the epidemic still exist in view of reduction of related project funding. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the surveillance results of soil-transmitted nematode infection in population in Pingdingshan City from 2016 to 2019 DU Ling, ZHANG Jin-juan, TIAN Yan-li, HAN Li-na, LEI Yu 2021, 19 (4):  207.  Abstract ( 457 )   PDF (342KB) ( 1078 )   Objective To understand the prevalence status of soil-transmitted nematode infection in population in Pingdingshan City for scientific evidence in prevention and control of this disease. Methods By the regulations specified in Surveillance Scheme of Soil-transmitted Nematode Disease in Henan Province,we conducted investigations in the four provincial mobile monitoring sites from 2016 to 2019,including Yexian County,Lushan County,Xinhua and Weidong Districts under the administration of Pingdingshan City. Each surveillance site was geographically zoned into five areas ( the east, west, south,north and center). Then one administrative village was selected from each town,where no less than 200 permanent residents aged over 3 years were annually included by cluster sampling,and totally no less than 1 000 people were included from each surveillance site. Fecal samples were collected from all subjects,and examined for infection of soil-transmitted nematodes using modified Kato-Katz thick smear technique( one sample for two smears) . Children aged between 3 and 9 years old were given additional detection of the eggs of pinworm sampled by anal cellophane swab. Results A total of 4 167 residents underwent examination from 2016 to 2019. The total infection rate was 0. 55%. The species infected in population consisted roundworm,hookworm and pinworm. The infection rate was 0. 19%,0. 10% and 0. 26%,respectively for each species,and the infection was generally mild( χ2 = 16. 952,P < 0. 05) . The infection rate of soil-derived nematodes was the highest in the people aged from 50 to 59(1. 34%). As far as the educational level was concerned,the highest infection rate was 1. 67% for illiterates( χ2 = 14. 557,P<0. 05)。 Among occupational population,the infection rate ranked from students (0. 83%),farmers(0. 71%) to employee of factory (0. 58%) ( χ2 = 10. 752,P<0. 05 ). Conclusion The infection rate of soil-transmitted nematodes tends to decrease in population in Pingdingshan City,nevertheless,comprehensive prevention and control efforts should be maintained,particularly in children in prevention and control of pinworm infection. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the nucleic acid detection findings of COVID-19 in different prevention stage in Suzhou City HU Xue-ying, ZHANG Ling, LI Yao, CHEN Ying-wei, ZHAO Juan-juan 2021, 19 (4):  210.  Abstract ( 598 )   PDF (475KB) ( 849 )   Objective To compare the diversity of nucleic acid testing findings of COVID-19 in different prevention stages for scientific evidences to develop reasonable prevention and control strategies. Methods Pharyngeal swabs and sputum samples were obtained in the key population in Suzhou from January 22 to February 29,2020,and detected for the nucleic acid specific to COVID-19 using real-time RT-PCR. Then the testing results were compared among the samples tested in different prevention stages. Results A total of 1 182 samples were collected from 704 suspected subjects,in whom positive novel coronavirus nucleic acid was found in 46 subjects out of the 59 samples. The positive detection rate was 4. 99% (59 /1 182). Forty-one were finally confirmed as COVID-19,and 5 as asymptomatic infection. The highest positive rate of nucleic acid for COVID-19 was 14. 81% (12 / 81) in the early stage of the epidemic,followed by 6. 17% (24 / 389) in the second stage and 5. 71% (22 / 385) in the third stage,and the lowest positive rate was in the fourth stage(0. 31%,1 / 327) . The highest positive rate was seen in subjects with history of travelling or short-term stay in Hubei Province(10. 13%,31 / 306), followed by close contacts(3. 85%,28 / 727). Positive nucleic acid was not detected in local residents in observation at the outpatient due to fever. Conclusion Nucleic acid detection strategy was timely adjusted at different stages of COVID-19 endemic in Suzhou,which has ensured effective implementation of the prevention and control measures. However,sampling frequencies for the nucleic acid should be increased as many as possible in the key population including those from medium and high risk areas or close contacts,so as to reduce missed detection. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Oncomelania hupensisstatus in Danyang City, Jiangsu Province from 2016 to 2020 ZHANG Jian-guo, ZHENG Hong, JIANG Tao 2021, 19 (4):  214.  Abstract ( 535 )   PDF (357KB) ( 756 )   Objective To analyze the current status and trend of snail distribution in Danyang City from 2016 to 2020,so as to provide basis for scientific formulation of snail control strategies after schistosomiasis elimination. Methods The data of snail monitoring and control in Danyang City from 2016 to 2020 were collected and statistically analyzed. Results Snail survey was completed in area of 7 611. 92 hm2 in 12 townships from 2016 to 2020,which revealed snail presence in 138 environments in 9 townships,covering an area of 250. 59 hm2. No infected snails were detected. The largest area with snail prevalence was found in Danbei Town,Lingkou Town. Qu’ a Community. Qu’ a Community,Lingkou Town and Lvcheng Town were the three towns with the largest snail environment. Marshland and inland were the major snail environment,and the marshland snail environment was concentrated in Danbei Town,accounting for 83. 39% of the local snail area. Lingkou town,Qu’a Community and Lvcheng Town were the inland areas with heavy snail burden,with an area of 35. 24%,27. 89% and 10. 53%,respectively. The area of Oncomelania hupensis snails tended to increase initially,followed by decrease. After implementation of comprehensive control measures for schistosomiasis,the area of Oncomelania hupensis was effectively reduced,with only 19. 73 hm2 by the end of 2020,a decrease of 71. 78% compared with 2016. The frame with live snails and snail density were decreased by 48. 59% and 81. 25%,respectively. Conclusion Comprehensive control measures implemented in compliance with local conditions have resulted in effective control of schistosomiasis in Danyang City. Nevertheless,snail monitoring should be carried on in order to timely discover and control the snail environment,and consolidate the control efforts. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation on an imported case of schistosomiasis haematobia in Tongcheng City JIANG Long-zhi, JIN Jing, ZHANG Li, WANG Ming-zhao 2021, 19 (4):  217.  Abstract ( 614 )   PDF (346KB) ( 848 )   Objective To analyze the diagnosis and treatment of an imported case of schistosomiasis haematobia ,so as to provide insights into improving the diagnosis and prevention ability. Methods Upon the information,we initiated collecting the clinical diagnosis and treatment data of the patient as well as his feces and urine samples for laboratory examination. Meanwhile,epidemiological investigation was conducted. Results Specific parasite test indicated positive samples for schistosomiasis,yet no schistosome eggs were found in the feces and urine. Pathological tissue section exhibited eosinophilic granuloma,which indicated symptom of parasite infection. Taking the clinical symptoms,epidemiological history and effective treatment with 60 mg / kg praziquantel×2 days into consideration,the patient was clinically diagnosed as imported schistosomiasis haematobia. Conclusion Imported schistosomiasis haematobia is likely to be misdiagnosed. The training for schistosomiasis haematobia control knowledge should be strengthen. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical analysis of brucellosis in 49 cases in north Anhui area GUO Meng-Ya, XU Kui-hua, CAO Yun, GUO Pu, LIN Qing-Hua 2021, 19 (4):  219.  Abstract ( 701 )   PDF (516KB) ( 1019 )   Objective To analyze the epidemiological and clinical features of brucellosis for clinical evidence in diagnosis and treatment of this condition. Methods Epidemiological and clinical data were retrospectively analyzed in 49 cases of brucellosis treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College between January 2013 and December 2019. Results In the 49 cases,30 were males and 19 females. The patients aged from 10 to 74 years. The major occupation was associated with farmer and herdsman. Twenty-nine patients were definitely exposed to the sheep or cattle. The patient’s current residence is mainly in the district of Bengbu City. Confirmed cases of brucellosis were generally reported from 2013 through 2019,and the case number was the most in March and July,with 8 and 9 cases,respectively. Thirty-six were in acute stage,8 in subacute,and 5 in chronic stage out of the 49 cases. Fever,chilly symptom,sore muscles,hyperhidrosis and joint pain occurred in 45,25,19,16 and 11 cases,respectively. Involvement of the osteoarticular system was found in 16 patients. Blood study indicated normal or decreased white blood cell(WBC)count,drop of absolute eosinophil(EOS) level and moderately elevated C-reactive protein(CRP) in most cases. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)≥40 mm / h was seen in 13 of 47 cases,and procalcitonin (PCT) level ranging 0. 1 ~ <0. 5 ng / mL was found in 30 out of 41 cases. Thirty-two patients had elevated D-Dimer level out of 35 cases. Fifty-nine strains of Brucella ovis were isolated from 135 aliquots of blood, bone marrow and effusions of joint cavity samples. Chest CT examination demonstrated bronchitis or pneumonia in 5,small nodule shadow in the upper lobe of left and / or right lung in 11,minor pleural effusion or thickened pleura in 4 in the 49 patients. Two patients underwent head CT examination,in whom one was identified massive cerebral infarction in the right temporal-parietal occipital lobe. Imaging examination was performed on the bone & joint in 11 patients,which primarily exhibited straightened physiological curvature of lumbar vertebrae,reduced signal at the intervertebral discs and corresponding spinal stenosis. Of the 49 patients,48 were recovered,and one was not improved,yet discharged from hospital on his own initiative. The average length of hospital stay was 13. 18 days. Conclusion Brucellosis can be diverse in clinical manifestations, and people in non-endemic areas need to guard themselves against the high-risk behaviors of brucellosis infection. Clinicians should improve their understanding of this entity,and provide antibacterial treatment for the victims in standardized profile in order to reduce the complications or prevent chronic infection. Related Articles | Metrics

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Observation on the therapeutic effect of praziquantel in outpatients with Clonorchis Sinensis HUANG Xing-jiong, ZHANG Guo-han, LIANG Mei-qun, HUANG Xian-ze, HUANG Ya-ling, WEI Guo-qiang 2021, 19 (4):  224.  Abstract ( 777 )   PDF (314KB) ( 1121 )   Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of praziquantel in the treatment of outpatients with clonorchiasis for evidence in routine deworming regimen on outpatient basis. Methods 2 241 patients with clonorchiasis treated in the clinic of Parasitic Disease Prevention of Wuming District were included from January 2018 to December 2020. The treatment regimen consisted of a total dosage of 7 200 mg praziquantel orally used in 9 doses over 3 days,together with cholagogic tablets, liver-protecting tablets and vitamin B6 pills as well as other adjuvant drugs. Then the therapeutic effects and side effects were observed and analyzed. Results The reduction rate of eggs was 100. 00%(2 241 / 2 241) in fecal examination of patients infected with Clonorchis Sinensis. The total negative conversion rate for the eggs was 98. 93% ( 2 217 / 2 241),and 99. 30%(2 124 / 2 139),91. 92%(91 / 99) and 66. 67%(2 / 3) for patients with mild,moderate and severe infection,respectively. There was significant difference in the negative egg conversion rate in patients with moderate and severe infection( χ2= 50. 660, P= 0. 001) . Clonorchis Sinensiseggs were not detected in the feces in patients with failed negative conversion medicated with added dose as previous regimen. The incidence of adverse drug reactions was 9. 15%,with nervous system being dominant,followed by digestive system. The symptoms were generally mild,and no serious adverse response occurred. Conclusion Medium-dose praziquantel can be effective,yet lower side effects in the treatment of patients on outpatient clinic basis in areas with Clonorchis sinensisendemic. Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of pre-hospital deaths in Longgang District of Shenzhen City from 2016 to 2020 CHEN Jia-hui, YE Bi-li, LI Gang, LIU Feng-ren, LIN Jian, ZHENG Jie-chun, HUANG Huan-ting 2021, 19 (4):  227.  Abstract ( 675 )   PDF (329KB) ( 790 )   Objective To analyze the cases of pre-hospital deaths in Longgang District of Shenzhen City for evidence in following surveillance over the death cause and disease prevention and control. Methods The data of pre-hospital death cases in Longgang District were collected from 2016 to 2020,and compared with the registered information in the National Population Death Information Registration and Management System,and Shenzhen funeral home. Then the data were analyzed for the composition and causes of pre-hospital death cases. Results A total of 3 887 pre-hospital deaths were reported from 2016 to 2020. The deaths reported monthly were relatively stable. Partial deaths were not registered in the death surveillance system in Longgang District,yet maintained in the inventory of the funeral home. Miss-reporting rate was the highest in 2017 (2. 94%),and the lowest in 2020(0. 58%). The top five causes of death stood from circulatory diseases,injuries and poisoning,unknown causes of death, tumors and respiratory diseases. In the death cases, the ratio of male to female was 2. 50 ∶ 1. Injury and poisoning were in the first order of cause of death for people under 45 years old,yet circulatory diseases the most cause of death in those aged over 45 years. Conclusion The under-reported cases of pre-hospital deaths have been improved in Longgang District. Prevention on accidental injury should be weighed in people under 45 years old,and on circulatory disease in those aged over 45 years. Medical institutions should strength the capacity of first aid,and universally spread the knowledge on first aid in population,so as to reduce mortality of pre-hospital death. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on adaptive evolution of Cestoda based on omics LIU Shi-nan, XU Fang-fang, CHEN Wen-qing, WANG Cui-xiang, JIANG peng, CUI Jing, WANG Zhong-quan, ZHANG Xi 2021, 19 (4):  231.  Abstract ( 500 )   PDF (387KB) ( 1334 )   Medical tapeworms can affect both human and animals,leading to serious parasitic zoonoses. Currently,our knowledge about the mechanism of adaptive evolution of cestoda remains fragmentary. Nevertheless,comparative analysis of omics can contribute to better understanding of the gene expression level during adaptive evolution of cestoda as well as further study of the function and mechanism of the target gene families. This paper summarizes the research progress on adaptive evolution of Cestoda based on omics,with an attempt to lay a foundation in following research in this field. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in detection of allergens in vitro technique ZHOU Xiao-qian, JING Gang, WANG Rui-yi, ZHANG Wen-yuan, WANG Wen-jing, TANG Xiao-niu, SUN En-tao 2021, 19 (4):  236.  Abstract ( 659 )   PDF (406KB) ( 1355 )   Accurate detection of allergens is vital for the prevention,diagnosis and treatment of allergic conditions. Currently, in vitrotechnique represents the leading research interest in allergen detection. This paper summarizes the available detection techniques targeting at serum sIgE measurement,including radioallergosorbent test,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,fluoroenzyme immunoassays,magnetic nano-particle chemiluminescence immunoassay,immunoblotting assay,liquidphase chip method as well as bioresonance method for direct detection of the allergens. In addition,the advantages and disadvantages are also compared pertinent to various in vitro detection techniques,with an attempt to provide reference for clinical option in selection of appropriate in vitrotechnique in detecting allergen in specific subjects. Related Articles | Metrics