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20 June 2021, Volume 19 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Analysis on clonorchiasis surveillance in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region from 2016 to 2020 LÜ Guo-li, WAN Xiao-ling, LIU Jian, OU Fang-qi, WEI Hai-yan, ZHANG Wei-wei, LIN Yuan, TANGWen-qian, SHIYun-liang, LIU Duo, MENG Jun, YANG Yi-chao, JIANGZhi-hua 2021, 19 (3):  121-126.  Abstract ( 788 )   PDF (388KB) ( 1101 )   Objective　To understand the endemic status of Clonorchis sinensis infection in Guangxi area for evidences to develop scientific prevention and control measures for this parasite infection. Methods　Six counties (cities or districts) were selected as regular surveillance sites according to the epidemic severity of Clonorchis sinensis infection in Guangxi. Each monitoring site was divided into 5 areas by geographical location(east,west,south,north and middle areas),where one administrative village(community) was then selected from a township to serve as the surveillance site. By cluster sampling,200 permanent residents(a total of 1 000) aged over 3 years were annually included from individual village(community) to undergo fecal examination using modified Kato-Katz thick smear method for the count of Clonorchis sinensis eggs,and other parasitic eggs were maintained if detected in the test. The surveillance lasted for five years(from 2016 to 2020),and covered all population group ranging from children,adults,middle-aged and the elderly. Results　The infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis per year was 11. 98%(756/6 308),6. 32%(394/6 230),10. 97%(670/6 110),10. 03%(680/6 781) and 7. 96%(497/6 242),respectively,which showed a declined trend from 2016 to 2020(χ 2 =13. 627,P<0. 01). The infection rate in each year is commonly higher in males than in females,and the highest in population aged between 40 and 49,50 and 59 years old. The infection was increased with added educational level,yet was generally mild. The infection rate of soil-transmitted nematodes was 2. 46%(155/6 308),2. 30%(143/6 230),1. 34%(82/6 110),1. 11%(75/6 781) and 0. 72%(45/6 242),respectively in the five years,and tended to decrease year by year(χ 2 =88. 378,P<0. 01). Hookworm infection was dominate in each year among other parasites. Conclusion　Infection of Clonorchis sinensis remains in a higher endemic level in Guangxi,which suggests that clonorchiasis should be the key in following prevention and control of the parasitic disease. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the surveillance results of clonorchiasis in Sichuan Province from 2016 to 2020 LUO Jing-wen, TIAN Hong-chun, XIE Hong, TIE Lei, ZHANG Li-ping, GONG Xi, LÜ Cheng-shen 2021, 19 (3):  127-130,150.  Abstract ( 832 )   PDF (386KB) ( 769 )   Objective　To understand the prevalence of clonorchiasis in Sichuan Province for scientific guidance to prevention and control of Clonorchis sinensis infection in Sichuan area. Methods　By the national and Sichuan provincial monitoring plans for clonorchiasis and soil-transmitted nematodes,we selected certain mobile monitoring sites annually from the counties (cities/ districts) without standardized surveillance,and Wutongqiao District of Leshan City as regular monitoring sites. Modified Kato-Katz thick smear technique (two slides/ one sample) was used to detect the eggs of Clonorchis sinensis in population. In 2017—2020,the metacercariae in fresh water fish and shrimp were detected by compression method,and the feces of the reservoir host,including cat,dog or pig was detected by modified Kato-Katz thick smear method. A question-naire survey on health knowledge and behavior was carried out among the population undergone fecal examination. Results   From 2016 to 2020,a total of 143 311 people in the mobile surveillance sites underwent investigation,which revealed infection with Clonorchis sinensis in 28,with an infection rate of 0. 02%. The infection rate in population remained relative lower,ranging in 0. 01% (5/34 967),0. 02% (6/33 507),0. 04%(7/19 326),0. 02% (7/30 256) and 0. 01% (3/25 255)between 2016 and 2020,respectively. There was no significant difference in infection rate in different years(χ 2 =4. 249,P =0. 373). The highest infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis was seen in the plain(0. 03%,6/20 217) and hilly area(0. 03%,19/ 64 989) of Western Sichuan,yet clonorchiasis was not detected in the Northwest Sichuan Plateau. The difference was insignificant converging diverse terrain(χ 2 = 9. 949,P = 0. 028). Clonorchis sinensis was detected in 18 counties,accounting for 14. 06% of the total number of mobile surveillance sites. The infection rate of clonorchiasis was 0. 02% (13/68 316) in males and 0. 02% (15/74 995) in females,without significant difference between genders(χ 2 =0. 017,P =0. 895). The infection was 0. 02% (12/48 446) and 0. 02% (12/48 873),respectively for 40-59 years old group and ≥ 60 years old group,yet was not detected in 0-9 years old group. There was no significant difference among different age groups(χ 2 =4. 721,P =0. 291). The infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis was 0. 03% (12/35 401) and 0. 03% (2/7 772),respectively for junior school group and senior high school,technical secondary school/ polytechnic school group,however,the infection was not found in population with college degree or above. The difference was insignificant among population with different educational background (χ 2 = 5. 155,P = 0. 326) . Farmers and population with other occupations had infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis by 0. 02% (24/107 679) and 0. 02% (2/9 525),respectively,yet there was no infection detected in children in the kindergartens,children at home and medical professionals,and no difference among different occupation groups(χ 2 =1. 794,P =0. 805). The infection rate from 2016 to 2020 in regular surveillance sites was 0. 49% (5/1 018),0. 10% (1/1 013),0% (0/1 000),0. 10% (1/1 026) and 0% (0/1 009),respectively,without difference among years (χ 2 =7. 131,P =0. 008). Detection of the 256 freshwater fishes and shrimps out of 270 revealed infection with metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis in 53,with a positive rate of 20. 70%. The highest positive rate(48. 15%) was seen in Pseudorasbora parva among the intermediate hosts. No Clonorchis sinensis eggs were detected in the 95 aliquots of feces collected,including 59 aliquots of dog feces and 36 cat feces. Of the 604 people surveyed by questionnaire,423 people(70. 03%) had the knowledge of clonorchiasis,and 92. 38% of the respondents had no history of intake of raw or semi-cooked freshwater fish and shrimp,while only 26. 66% of the respondents had the habit of using separate chopping board for raw and cooked dishes. Conclusion 　The infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis in population in Sichuan Province remains at a low level. Nevertheless,the positive rate is relatively higher in the intermediate host of Pseudorasbora parva,which suggests that risk of clonorchiasis transmission still exists,and further strengthened comprehensive prevention and control measures are necessary in order to reduce the infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis and its disease burden. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation on the status of Clonorchis sinensis infection in population in Anhui Province from 2016 to 2020 CAO Zhi-guo, LIU Dao-hua, JIN Wei, GUO Jian-duo, ZHANG Shi-qing, LI Qi-yang, HU Ming-chuang, WANG Min, ZHU Lei, WANG Tian-ping 2021, 19 (3):  131-134.  Abstract ( 1000 )   PDF (366KB) ( 803 )   Objective　To understand the human prevalence of clonorchiasis in Anhui Province,so as to provide scientific evidences in formulating control strategies for this infection. Methods　Monitoring sites for clonorchiasis prevalence were selected in the 56 counties (cities/ districts) in Anhui Province between 2016 and 2020,and zoned into 5 areas according to the geographical location(east,west,south,north and middle areas). Then one administrative village was selected from a township to serve as the surveillance site. No less than 200 permanent residents aged 3 years and above were annually included by cluster sampling method from each administrative village. The fecal samples were collected to undergo test of Clonorchis sinensis infection using the modified Kato-Katz thick smear method (two slide reading/ one sample). Results　From 2016 to 2020,a total of 73 702 people underwent the survey,which revealed infection in 27,with a total infection rate being 0. 04%. By the surveillance sites,Clonorchis sinensis infection was found in 13 counties(cities/ districts),in which Xuanzhou District of Xuancheng City and Jingxian County were listed the highest. The infection rate was 0. 30% for the both areas,yet Clonorchis sinensis infection was free in the remaining 43 counties(cities/ districts). The highest Clonorchis sinensis infection (0. 06%) was observed in the North China Plain in all surveillance sites among the four ecological regions,and the infection was the lowest in plains of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River(0. 02%). The total infectionrate was 0. 02%,0. 04%,0. 04%,0. 06% and 0. 02%,respectively from 2016 to 2020,and tended to increase in general,whereas there was a decrease in 2020. By genders,the infection rate was 0. 03% in males and 0. 04% in females. By age distribution,the infection rate(0. 06%) was the highest in population aged between 10 and 19 years old,and the lowest in those aged under 9 years,from 20 to 29,and from 60 to 69 years old(0. 02%,respectively,for the three age group). The highest infection with Clonorchis sinensis was seen in population with junior school education(0. 05%),and interestingly,the infection was zero in preschool children. There was no significant difference in the infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis among different surveillance sites,diverse ecological regions,separated years,different genders,age group and population with dissimilar educational background(all P> 0. 05). Conclusion　The rate of Clonorchis sinensis infection was relatively lower in Anhui Province in between 2016 and 2020,yet increased significantly compared with the infection rate (0. 01%) recorded in the third national survey of important human parasitic diseases in 2015,which suggests that enhanced surveillance as well as prevention and control of clonorchiasis remains necessary in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the surveillance results of soil-transmitted nematodes in Fujian Province from 2016 to 2020 XIE Xian-liang, CHEN Yun-hong, GAO Lan-lin, XIE Han-guo 2021, 19 (3):  135-138.  Abstract ( 794 )   PDF (336KB) ( 1001 )   Objective　To understand the prevalence status of soil-transmitted nematodes in Fujian Province for scientific evidence to develop prevention and control measures for this infection. Methods　According to the requirements specified in the National Surveillance Program for Liver Fluke Diseases and Soil-transmitted Nematodes(Trial) and prevalence status of parasitic diseases in history in Fujian Province,46 counties(cities/ districts) were included as surveillance sites for soiltransmitted nematodes from 2016 to 2020. Modified Kato-Katz thick smear method was used to measure the helminth eggs,and culture method (tubes with filter paper) was used to identify species of hookworms. Anal swab test with cellophane tape was performed to screen pinworm eggs in children aged between 3 and 9 years old. Results　Totally,48 103 persons from the 46 counties(cities/ districts) underwent the survey. Modified Kato-Katz thick smear test revealed infection with hookworm, roundworm and whipworm in 604. The total infection rate was 1. 26%,in which infection with hookworm,roundworm and whipworm and was 1. 11%,0. 01% and 0. 13%,respectively. Anal swab test with cellophane tape showed that 497 of the 7 813 children aged from 3 to 9 years old were infected with pinworm,with an infection rate of 6. 36%. Of the 9 cities surveyed, the infection rate of soil-transmitted nematodes was 0. 49% (31/6 269) in Fuzhou,0. 19% (10/5 249) in Xiamen, 1. 11% (46/4 127) in Zhangzhou,0. 51% (31/6 083) in Quanzhou,0. 63% (27/4 256) in Putian,1. 33% (55/4 125) in Nanping,4. 16% (352/8 470)in Sanming,0. 31% (13/4 210)in Ningde,and 0. 73% (39/5 314) in Longyan. The difference was significant among cities (χ 2 = 735. 44, P < 0. 05) . Females had higher infection than males ( 1. 49%vs. 1. 00%;χ 2 =22. 92,P<0. 01). Of the population aged over 80 years and aged between 70 and 79 years,the infection rate was 4. 31% and 3. 71%,respectively,and the highest in population aged 80 years or above. As far as the educational level was concerned,the infection rate was 1. 82% for elementary school students,2. 92% for illiterates and semiliterates (χ 2 =277. 13,P<0. 01). Infection with pinworm was dominant in children and students,yet infection with hookworm was more common in farmers. Conclusion　Total infection rate of soil-transmitted nematodes tends to decrease in population in Fujian Province,and remains in relatively lower status. However,the infection of pinworm is still higher in low grade of primary school students and preschoolers,which suggests that strengthened prevention and control is necessary. Related Articles | Metrics

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Endemic situation of schistosomiasis in national surveillance sites of Jiangsu Province from 2015 to 2019 FENG Yun, ZHANG Jian-feng, HANG De-rong, LIU Mao-mao, XIONG Chun-rong, YAO Yun-yi, ZHAO Song, SHI Liang, LIU Lu, WANG Xin-yao, DONG Xuan, LI Wei, YANG Kun 2021, 19 (3):  139-142.  Abstract ( 913 )   PDF (1023KB) ( 890 )   Objective　To evaluate the endemic situation of schistosomiasis prevalence in the national surveillance sits in Jiangsu Province for guidelines to improve the surveillance system that can be reliable and sensitive. Methods　By the requirements in the National Schistosomiasis Monitoring Scheme(2014 Edition),we conducted monitoring over schistosomiasis prevalence in Jiangsu Province from 2015 through 2019,and analyzed the surveillance data,including infection rate in population, areas with snails by statistics and spatial clustering. Results　The average seropositive rate for schistosomiasis was 1. 55% in local residents and 0. 51% in floating population between 2015 and 2019. The seropositive rate was increased by 46. 45% in 2016 compared to that in 2015 and then showed a decreasing trend. Nevertheless,annul seropositive rate was higher in local residents than in floating population(χ 2 = 42. 74,120. 51,74. 50,73. 67 and 60. 64,respectively,all P <0. 01). No positive case was detected by fecal test. Annual survey revealed average snail areas being 229. 60 hm2,where snails were emerged in 1. 75 hm2,and re-emerged in 57. 22 hm2. The yearly average snail density was 0. 013 0/0. 1m2. No infected snails were found. Snail areas and snail density was increased to a certain degree,and snail areas were mainly limited within the regions of Nanjing-Zhenjiang-Yangzhou Town. Conclusion　Schistosomiasis control strategies in Jiangsu in the past years have produced obvious effects on the way to the criteria of schistosomiasis interruption across the province. However,the surveillance system should be perfected in following prevention and control work in order to prevent reemergence of schistosomiasis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation and analysis on soil-transmitted nematode diseases and key food-borne parasitic diseases in Shanghai Municipality from 2016 to 2020 DAI Si-min, MA Xiao-jiang, ZHANG Yao-guang, WANG Zhen-yu, ZHU Min, ZHANG Chen-gang, ZHOU Yi-bin, PAN Hao, WU Huan-yu 2021, 19 (3):  143-145,159.  Abstract ( 987 )   PDF (358KB) ( 893 )   Objective　To analyze the surveillance results of soil-transmitted nematode diseases and key food-borne parasitic diseases in Shanghai between 2016 and 2020 for scientific basis to formulate prevention and control strategies on a city-level.Methods　By stratified clustering sampling technique,we conducted a series of monitoring over the prevalence of soiltransmitted nematode diseases at regular and non-regular surveillance sites, clonorchiasis by moving observation in Shanghai area. Modified Kato-Katz thick smear technique was applied to detecting the eggs of soil-transmitted nematodes and Clonorchis sinensis. The surveillance results of food-borne parasitic diseases were retrospectively analyzed in this study based on the cases reported through hospital information system. Results　No positive cases were found in a total of 5 106 people from the mobile surveillance sites undergone clonorchiasis screening between 2016 and 2020. Also from 2016 to 2020,a total of 24 843 people/ person-times in regular and mobile surveillance sites received detection of the soil-transmitted nematode diseases. An investigation conducted in 2016 revealed infection with soil-transmitted nematode diseases in 7 out of the 6 240 people(including roundworm in 5;whipworm in 2;no hookworm and pinworm were found). The infection rate of 2016 was 0. 11%,and no infection was found in other years.Totally,138 hospitalized cases of food-borne parasitic diseases were obtained through hospital information reporting system. Clonorchiasis and paragonimiasis infection accounted for 30. 43% (42/138) and 25. 36% (35/138),respectively. Fifty-seven cases(41. 30%) were patients currently living in Shanghai,and 81(58. 70%) were patients seeking medical treatment in Shanghai from other provinces,in which the patients from Zhejiang,Anhui,Jiangsu and Jiangxi accounted for 60. 50% of the total cases. Conclusion　The infection rate of soil-transmitted nematodes in Shanghai has dropped to a relatively lower level. The following prevention and control strategies can be focused on gradual evaluation on the transmission interruption as well as strengthened surveillance over the food-borne parasitic diseasesand related food hygiene and safety management. Related Articles | Metrics

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Disease burden of common intestinal parasitic diseases in Yunnan Province from 2015 to 2019 JIANG Shu-na, WU Fang-wei, LI Ben-fu, YAN Xin-liu, LI Jian-xiong, CAI Xuan, PENG Jia, WANG Zheng-qing, ZI Jin-rong, XU Qian, YANG Ya-ming 2021, 19 (3):  146-150.  Abstract ( 882 )   PDF (562KB) ( 798 )   Objective　To estimate the disease burden of common intestinal parasitic infection in Yunnan Province from 2015 to 2019 for evidence to optimize allocation of resources in prevention and control of this prevalence. Methods　Common intestinal parasitic infection and gender standardized infection rates from 2015 to 2019 as well as the disease burden were computed using the formula of disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)based on the surveillance data from Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases. Results　Common intestinal parasitic infection rate between 2015 and 2019 was 10. 47%. The parasites involved in the infection consisted of hookworm,roundworm and whipworm,with an infection rate of 3. 98%, 3. 00% and 3. 49%,respectively. Males had lower infection than females(9. 83% vs. 11. 07%),with difference between genders(χ 2 =26. 889,P<0. 05). The common intestinal parasitic infection,including hookworm,roundworm and whipworm, tended to decrease from 2015 to 2019 in Yunnan(χ 2 = 1 903. 447,460. 915,754. 366 and 790. 847,respectively,all P<0. 05). The gender standardized infection rate was also yearly decreased from 24. 99% to 5. 71%( rs =-1,P<0. 05). Common intestinal parasitic infection rate by DALYs was 11. 483 per year,in which DALYs was 5. 249 per year for males,and 6. 234 per year for females between 2015 and 2019. DALYs was the highest in 2016,with 17. 218 per year. The rate for DALYs by common intestinal parasitic infection,including hookworm,roundworm and whipworm,tended to decrease (rs =-1,-0. 9,-0. 9 and-1,all P<0. 05),yet varied among different age groups,with the highest rate of DALYs in population aged between 5 and 14 years(8. 546 per 1 000 population). Conclusion　Although the burden of common intestinal parasite diseases in Yunnan Province is decreasing annually,yet it is still necessary to strengthen the prevention and control in children in order to further reduce the disease burden of common intestinal parasites. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation and analysis on the infection status of Clonorchis sinensis and its related knowledge-attitude-practice in population#br# in Heyuan City from 2017 to 2020 GONG Li-fen, LIU Cui-juan , YE Li-qun , WEI Hui-ping 2021, 19 (3):  151-154.  Abstract ( 1068 )   PDF (338KB) ( 935 )   Objective　To understand the epidemiological characteristics of clonorchiasis sinensis and the current knowledge,behavior and attitude towards Clonorchis sinensis infection in population in Heyuan City,so as to provide effective evidences for developing targeted intervention strategies.Methods　From 2017 to 2020,1~2 counties in Heyuan City were annually selected as surveillance sites. Modified Kato-Katz thick smear technique was applied to detecting the infection status of Clonorchis sinensis in population,and questionnaire survey was carried out in the subjects investigated for their knowledge, attitude and practice towards Clonorchis sinensis infection. The results were then analyzed with descriptive epidemiology.Results　A total of 6 430 people were investigated. The infection rate was 5. 13%(330/6 430) for the population across the city,in which the infection accounted for 30. 40% in Longchuan County. The infection rate was higher in males than in females,and peaked in the 40~49 age group. The top infection consisted of population with education of high school,technical secondary or intermediate school and junior college. Among occupational population,the infection rate ranked from retirees(22. 92%),employees in catering and food industry service(20. 88%) to commercial service(19. 62%). A total of 774 people received questionnaire survey. The total correct rate of KAP was 56. 12%. Population in Longchuan County had the highest response rate of accurate knowledge(87. 00%),yet the correct response rate for the practice and attitude was the lowest(30. 00% and 65. 67%,respectively). The correct rate of knowledge was higher in males than in females,yet the appropriate practice and attitude towards clonorchiasis was lower in males than in females. Accurate knowledge for clonorchiasis was generally over 30. 00% in population aged 20~39 years,and lower in those aged≥80 years,and between 3 and 9 years.Conclusion　Clonorchiasis is moderately prevalent in Heyuan City,and exists in the population of the five counties and one district. Longchuan County is a highly prevalent area,suggesting that this area should be the target in following prevention and control of clonorchiasis. And in the future,prevention and control efforts for Clonorchis sinensis infection should be orientated at health promotion and behavior change,particularly in the retired and employees in commercial service catering and food industry service. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the endemic status of schistosomiasis in the national surveillance sites of Yueyang City from 2016 to 2020 ZHOU Min, ZHOU Jie, LI Sheng-Ming, LI Guang-Ping, WANG Hui-Lan, JIANG Qiong, TANG Ling 2021, 19 (3):  155-159.  Abstract ( 543 )   PDF (397KB) ( 843 )   Objective　To analyze the changes of endemic situation of schistosomiasis in the national surveillance sites of Yueyang City from 2016 to 2020,so as to supply scientific evidences in improving the prevention and control measures as well as developing the strategies for schistosomiasis elimination in Yueyang City.Methods　According to the requirements of the National Schistosomiasis Monitoring Scheme(2014 Edition),we established 12 national schistosomiasis monitoring sites within Yueyang areas for systematic surveillance of schistosomiasis infections in local residents,floating population and livestock as well as the status of snail.Results　Totally,28 980 local residents-times and 12 316 floating people-times in the 12 national surveillance sites in Yueyang area underwent serological screening for Schistosoma japonicum infection from 2016 to 2020. The positive rate of blood test was 3.62%,3. 36%,2. 43%,1. 64% and 0. 97% for local residents,and 3. 60%,1. 90%,1. 41%,0. 96% and 0. 49% for floatingm population,respectively in each year,which showed a declined trend year by year. Fecal tests carried out in 2016 revealed positive infection with Schistosoma japonicum in 12 of the local residents and only 1 in floating population. A total of 2 598 livestock-times were monitored in the 5 years,and no infectious animals were found. In addition,snail survey was implemented in an area of 7 441. 09 hm2,which showed that the average density of live snails was dropped to the lowest level in 2019,and no infected snails were detected. A total of 554 mixed snail samples were detected using loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP),only 3 positive mixed samples were identified in 2017.Conclusion　Overall,schistosomiasis prevalence tends to decline in Yueyang City,yet areas with snails remains larger,and the risk of schistosomiasis transmission still exists. In following efforts,we should continue to strengthen comprehensive prevention and control measures,including expanded screening of schistosomiasis,provision of health education in population,enhanced snail control,and perfecting the monitoring system,in order to promote the process in eliminating schistosomiasis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of soil-transmitted nematode infection in population in mobile surveillance sites of Luoyang City from 2017 to 2020 LI Yun-xia, NING Chao-qun, TIAN Li-guang, LI Ke-wei, CAO Yu-hong, LÜ Xiao-xue, LIANG Li-yuan 2021, 19 (3):  160-163.  Abstract ( 401 )   PDF (351KB) ( 824 )   Objective　To understand the endemic situation of soil-transmitted nematodes in Luoyang City from 2017 to 2020,so as to provide evidence for developing targeted prevention and control measures in local areas.Methods　In accordance with the requirements specified in the National Surveillance Program for Liver Fluke Diseases and Soil-transmitted Nematodes(Trial) and Surveillance Plan for Soil-transmitted Nematodes and Implementation Rules of Henan Province,we established mobile monitoring sites in the 9 counties(districts),including Yichuan County and Luolong District,under administration of Luoyang City from 2017 to 2020. Each monitoring site in individual county/ district was divided into 5 areas by geographical location(east,west,south,north and middle areas),where one administrative village was selected from a township to undergo surveillance. In addition,no less than 200 permanent residents aged over 3 years were annually included by cluster sampling from each administrative village,and totally no less than 1 000 people were included from each surveillance site. Fecal samples were collected from all participants,and examined for the egg count of soil-transmitted nematodes using modified Kato-Katz thick smear technique(one sample for two smears). Children aged between 3 and 9 years old were given additional detection of the eggs of pinworm by anal swab test with cellophane tape. The roundworm eggs in the soil samples were detected and counted using the saturated sodium nitrate solution floatation method.Results　A total of 9 296 people were surveyed from 2017 to 2020. The infection rate of soil-transmitted nematodes was 2. 48% (231/9 296),in which pinworm infection was 97. 40%(225/231). The infection rate was 0. 04% (4/9 296),0. 01 % (1/9 296),0. 01%(1/9 296) and 2. 42% (225/9 296),respectively for roundworm,hookworm,whipworm and pinworm,and the highest infection with pinworm was seen in population in Luoning Country. There was no statistical difference in infection between males and females,yet the difference was significant in pinworm infection in different age groups(χ 2 = 49. 520,P<0. 05), with the highest in children aged between 3 and 10 years old,followed by population over 60 years. The infection rate of pinworm was statistically significant in people with diverse occupations(χ 2 = 27. 734,P<0. 05),and the highest in preschool children and elementary students. Infection with pinworm tended to decline in population with increased level of education(χ 2 =30. 638,P<0. 05). Anal swab and modified Kato-Katz thick smear tests respectively revealed infection rate of pinworm being 3. 95% (76/1 925) and 4. 40% (89/2 021) in children between 3 and 9 years old,and additional modified Kato-Katz thick smear test demonstrated that the infection with pinworm was 1. 91%(136/7 275) in children aged from 3 to 9 and over 9 years old. The difference was significant (χ 2 =41. 946,P<0. 001). Fertilized and unfertilized eggs of roundworm were detected in the soils sampled from the monitoring sites,yet the detected rate was low.Conclusion　pinworm is the dominant species of soil-transmitted nematode diseases in population in Luoyang City,and affects the most in residents in Luoning County. Children and the aged should be the key population in following prevention and control of soil-transmitted nematodes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation on the prevalence of enterobiasis in kindergarten children in Puyang City from 2017 to 2019 SONG Chuan-qing, JIAO Xue-cheng, HUANG Shou-hai, LIANG Gui-hua, WANG Lan-zhen, ZHU Wen-gang 2021, 19 (3):  164-166,169.  Abstract ( 864 )   PDF (355KB) ( 1088 )   Objective　To understand the status of Enterobius vermicularis infection among kindergarten children in Puyang City from 2017 to 2019 for evidence to develop scientific prevention and control of this infection.Methods　By stratified sampling,we conducted a series of microscopic examinations for Enterobius vermicularis eggs by anal cellophane tape method in children from 11 kindergartens in Nanle County and Fanxian County of Puyang City from 2017 to 2019. In addition,all children underwent questionnaire survey for the status of deworming in the past half a year during the survey.Results　A total of 1 687 children were screened,which 245(14. 52%) children were detected to be positive for Enterobius vermicularis infection. The infection rate of Enterobius vermicularis in kindergarten children was 11. 73%,15. 22% and 15. 50%,respectively, from 2017 to 2019. The infection was 13. 88% and 15. 50%,respectively in Nanle County and Fanxian County,and the difference was not statistically significant (χ 2 = 0. 856,P>0. 05). Children in rural kindergartens had higher infection rate than those of urban kindergartens(25. 58% vs. 7. 68%,χ 2 = 102. 874,P<0. 05),and the infection rate was higher in children from private kindergartens than in those from public kindergartens(16. 17% vs. 12. 67%,χ 2 = 3. 994,P<0. 05).The infection rate of Enterobius vermicularis was 15. 65% in boys,and 13. 13% in girls. The difference was insignificant (χ 2=2. 131,P>0. 05). Generally,the infection tended to increase with added age and grade (χ 2 =36. 941,χ 2 =31. 007,both P<0. 05). No infection occurred in children of 2 years old or day-care classes,yet the infection rate was the highest in children aged 6 years and preschool children,which was 22. 04% and 30. 14% respectively. Children with a history of deworming within half a year had lower infection rate than those without use of deworming drugs(9. 55% vs. 15. 95%;χ 2 =7. 456, P<0. 05). Conclusion　The infection rate of Enterobius vermicularis appears relatively higher in kindergarten children in Puyang City. The findings suggest that deworming drugs should be recommended,and health education and surveillance should be strengthened in the children in rural areas,particularly in children of higher grade. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the surveillance results of soil-transmitted nematodes in Hefei City from 2016 to 2020 WEI Hong-sheng, PAN Xiao-xiang, ZHU Li, WU Ping-ting, WU Jun 2021, 19 (3):  167-169.  Abstract ( 631 )   PDF (306KB) ( 726 )   Objective　To analyze the surveillance data of soil-transmitted nematode disease in Hefei City from 2016 to 2020 for scientific evidence to develop prevention and control measures for this infection during the 14th five-years in Hefei.Methods　Surveillance sites for soil-transmitted nematodes were selected in Feidong City,Lujiang County,Chaohu City, Feixi County and Changfeng County between 2016 to 2020 and zoned into 5 areas according to the geographical location east,west,south,north and middle areas . Then one administrative village was selected from a township to serve as the surveillance site. No less than 200 permanent residents aged 3 years or above were annually included by cluster sampling method from each administrative village for fecal examination using the modified Kato -Katz thick smear method to investigate the infection rate of soil-transmitted nematodes.Results　Totally,9 339 residents underwent the tests. The total infection rate was 0. 46%(43/9 339),without mixed infection. The infection rate 0. 02%(2/9 339),0. 03%(3/9 339),0. 33%(31/9 339) and 0. 07%(7/9 339),respectively for roundworm,whipworm,hookworm and pinworm,and the number of hookworm infection was the largest. The infections were the highest in Feixi County(0. 95%),and different from Chaohu City(0. 16%) and Feidong County(0. 24%)(χ 2 =13. 287,7. 275;both P<0. 05). The infection rate in females and males was 0. 45%(21/4 674) and 0. 47%(22/4 665),respectively,without significant difference. Pinworm infection was primarily seen in population aged below 10 years. Hookworm infection was most seen in those aged over 50(0. 46%) and different from those aged under 50 years(0. 19%)(χ 2 =5. 122,P<0. 05).Conclusion　The infection rate of soil-transmitted nematodes remains at a lower level in the population in Hefei City between 2016 and 2020. Hookworm infection was the most in people aged over 50 years,which suggests that this population group should be target in following surveillance in hookworm infection. Related Articles | Metrics

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Assessment and evaluation on the transmission interruption of schistosomiasis at county level in Hubei Province in the 13th Five-year Plan WANG Hui, LIU Si, SHAN Xiao-wei, LI Bo, ZHANG Wei-hong, XIAO Ying, CHEN Yan-yan, ZHANG Juan, LIU Jian-bing 2021, 19 (3):  170-174.  Abstract ( 533 )   PDF (378KB) ( 780 )   Objective　To evaluate the prevention and control effect in compliance with the criteria of transmission interruption of schistosomiasis in 27 counties of Hubei Province during the 13th Five-year Plan. Methods　According to the Evaluation Scheme for Interrupting Schistosomiasis Transmission at County Level in Hubei Province,we conducted an assessment and evaluation on the outcomes in areas where the transmission interruption reached the criteria in Hubei Province. Results　Serum examination on the schistosome was performed in 88 483 residents living in the 27 counties(cities/ districts), which revealed positive rate of 1. 88%(0~6. 78%). Stool examination carried out 1 665 people showed no infection. A total of 1 289 heads of cattle and sheep underwent examinations. No infection was detected. Field survey was carried out at 162 680 frames,where 36 382 snails were captured. No infection was found in the 25 566 living snails that were dissected. Full set of archives were established on schistosomiasis control based on individual administrative village. The documentation can well reflect the changes of human and animal infection from transmission control to transmission interruption. In addition, this practice represented a sensitive and effective monitoring system that was commensurate with local epidemic nature. Conclusion　The 27 counties in Hubei Province have successfully reached the target and national criteria of transmission interruption of schistosomiasis defined in the 13th the Five-year Plan of China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the endemic status of schistosomiasis in Anhui Province in 2019 XU Xiao-juan, WANG Tian-ping, ZHANG Shi-qing, HE Jia-chang, WANG Hao, DING Song-jun, DAI Bo, LIU Ting, GAO Feng-hua 2021, 19 (3):  175-179.  Abstract ( 472 )   PDF (538KB) ( 1025 )   Objective　To analyze the endemic status of schistosomiasis and epidemiological trend in Anhui Province in 2019,so as to provide evidence in developing prevention and control measures for schistosomiasis prevalence in following stage. Methods　The data of schistosomiasis prevalence and control in Anhui Province in 2019 were collected,and analyzed using descriptive statistic method. Results　By the end of 2019,9,23 and 18 endemic counties had met the criteria of transmission control,transmission interruption and elimination,respectively. In 2019,a total of 381 878 people of 1. 905 2 million were screened as positive by inquiring investigation. Blood test of 0. 862 0 million people revealed 8 864 positive cases,yet fecal test of 61 600 people showed no positive infection. There were still 5 329 patients with advanced schistosomiasis in Anhui Province,and no acute cases were reported in 2019. Of the 24 824 cattle in stock from endemic areas,365 bovines were screened by blood test and 13 554 by stool test,no infection was found by the two tests. Snail survey conducted in a total of 87 435. 50 hm2 revealed that snails were prevalent in 20 059. 25 hm2,where snails were newly discovered in 38. 90 hm2, and reemerged 39. 55 hm2,yet no infected snails were detected. Molluscicide was applied to a total area of 9 768. 77 hm2,where snails were eradicated in 235. 53 hm2. In 2019,no infection was found in population or livestock in the 50 national schistosomiasis surveillance sites. The snail frame rate and the density of living snail were 8. 80% and 0. 31/0. 11m2,respectively, yet no infected snails were found. The average infection rate tended to decline in population and bovines from 2004 to 2019,with a decrease of 91. 57% and 100%,respectively. The area of snail distribution was fluctuated between 26 300 hm2 and 31 000 hm2,with a trend of slight decrease from 2006 to 2019. No cases of acute schistosomiasis and infected snails were found in Anhui Province since 2013. Conclusion　The overall endemic status of schistosomiasis in Anhui Province looks further decreased,nevertheless,risks of schistosomiasis transmission still remain in some areas. In order to promote the elimination of schistosomiasis,we should keep strengthening the prevention and control of infectious sources,particularly focusing on control of the areas with snails,and improving the monitoring and early warning mechanisms. Related Articles | Metrics