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10 March 2020, Volume 18 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Detection of antibody against Schistosoma japonicum-Indirect haemagglutination test (WS / T 630-2018): Standard interpretation ZHANG Shi-qing, ZHANG Le-sheng, WANG Feng-feng, WANG Tian-ping 2020, 18 (1):  1-4.  Abstract ( 1014 )   PDF (719KB) ( 1752 )   Detection of antibody against Schistosoma japonicum-indirect haemagglutination test (WS / T 630-2018), representing the first systematic technical specification on detecting antibody against Schistosoma japonicum using indirect hemag- glutination test in China, was issued in September 26, 2018 and implemented in April 1, 2019. This paper attempts to inter- pret the standard in terms of the background, drafting process, methods included, main contents, implementation and the focus on publicity, with expectation to offer a guideline for professionals in disease prevention and control institutions as well as medical institutions at different levels in laboratory detection of the antibody against Schistosoma japonicum in human serum. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Demodex mites on the expression of TLR2 and inflammation-related genes in co-cultured HaCaT cells HU Li , Zhao Ya-e , XIONG Guo-dian, ZHANG You-ren, WANG Hao-ruo, LIU Bo 2020, 18 (1):  5-11.  Abstract ( 622 )   PDF (8561KB) ( 275 )   Objective To establish a co-culture system of Demodex folliculorum and HaCaT cells for investigating the relationship between D. folliculorum and the expression of TLR2 and inflammatory genes in cells. Methods A total of 10, 30, and 50 D. folliculorum mites and 0 mites ( blank control) were co-cultured with HaCaT cells for 24h, respectively. RNA was extracted from the cells, and reversely transcribed into cDNA. Specific primers were designed, and TLR2 and re- lated inflammatory factors including KLK5, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and CCL2 were amplified, cloned, and sequenced. qRT -PCR was performed to detect the expression level and compare the correlation with the number of mites. Results Agarose gel electrophoresis revealed single and clear PCR product band. The sequence size was consistent with the template, indica- ting good primer specificity. qRT-PCR showed that except for 10 mite group and the blank group ( t = 0. 00 ~ 2. 25, P> 0. 05), the expression level of TLR2 and IL-6 in 30 and 50 mite group were significantly different from those in the blank group (TLR2: t = 6. 54 and 10. 85 ;IL-6: t = 14. 35 and 17. 52, respectively. P<0. 001), and the up-regulation in 50 mite group was significantly greater than that in 30 mite group. In IL-8, CCL2 and KLK5, there were statistical differences between the 30 and 50 groups and the blank group (IL-8: t = 5. 34 and 6. 98 ; CCL2: t = 3. 12 and 4. 03; KLK5: t = 3. 31 and 4. 05, respectively. P<0. 05), yet the difference was insignificant between the 30 mite group and the 50 mite group. However, in IL-1β, there was only difference between the 50 mite group and the blank group (t = 2. 60, P<0. 05), and no difference between the 30 mite group and the blank group. The expression of TLR2 in HaCaT cells as well as inflamma- tory factors (IL- 6, IL- 8, CCL2, KLK5 and IL- 1β) regulated by TLR2 was positively correlated with the number of mites (r = 0. 984, 0. 970, 0. 984, 0. 985, 0. 974 and 0. 938, respectively), with TLR2 and IL-6 expression being domi- nant. Conclusion We successfully constructed the co-culture system of D. folliculorum and HaCaT cells, and for the first time confirmed that the skin immune response was related to the number of infected mites at the cellular level. The findings can be of great scientific significance for revealing the molecular mechanism of facial skin damage induced by Demodex mites. Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular identification of nine species of mosquitoes based on ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 gene GUO Xiu-xia, CHENG Peng, LIU Li-juan, WANG Hai-fang, WANG Huai-wei, ZHANG Chong-xing∗ 2020, 18 (1):  12-16.  Abstract ( 598 )   PDF (963KB) ( 1367 )   Objective To analyze the gene characteristics of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 sequence(rDNA- ITS2) in the 9 species of common mosquitoes for the basis in molecular identification of the mosquito species. Methods Nine species of mosquitoes, including Culex pipiens pallens, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex bitaeniorhynchus, Aedes albopictus, Aedes vexans, Anopheles sinensis, Armigeres obturbans,Mansonia uniformis, Coquillettidia ochracea, were collected from Jining area in Shandong Province, and morphologically identified. Single mosquito genomic DNA was extracted from each species and rDNA-ITS2 was specifically amplified by PCR and sequenced. Then the gene sequences were subjected to homology align- ment in GenBank, compared and analyzed by Bioedit 7. 0 and DNAMAN. The gene traits were analyzed by DNASTAR, ClustalX 1. 81 and Mega6, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed. Results The amplified rDNA-ITS2 fragments for the nine species of mosquitoes varied from 343 bp to 577 bp, with 59 conserved sites, 449 variable sites, 235 parsimony informative sites and 191 singleton sites in the sequences. The nucleotide sequence homology among the different mosquito species was 28. 21% ~ 53. 76% , and the molecular identification of the species based on rDNA-ITS2 was consistent with the tradi- tional morphological findings. The results indicated that Culex pipiens pallens, Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex bitaeniorhynchus were clustered to Culex genera, and Aedes albopictus and Aedes vexans to Aedes genera, The different species was independent at its own taxonomy branch. Conclusion rDNA-ITS2 can serve as an useful classification for and molecular marker to iden- tify the species of different mosquitoes by genus. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of low temperature stress induced proteomic changes in Culex pipiens pallens via two-dimensional electrophoresis Ma Rong, , Liu Li-juan 2020, 18 (1):  17-20.  Abstract ( 703 )   PDF (2572KB) ( 1066 )   Objective To explore the effects of low temperature stress on protein expression in Culex pipiens pallens. Methods Two-dimensional electrophoresis was performed to compare the differences in protein expression profiles of Cx. pipiens pallens after low temperature treatment using indoor bred Cx. pipiens pallens as control. Results The protein concentration was 8. 5 μg / μL and 4. 76 μg / uL respectively for the treatment group and the control group, and the difference was significant (P<0. 05). Two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis revealed a total of 77 2-fold differential protein spots, in which up-regulated expression was seen in 30 protein spots, and down-regulation was observed in another 47 protein spots in low temperature treatment group. Fourteen unique protein spots were detected in the low temperature treatment group, with molecular weight ranging from 25 to 60 kDa. A total of 25 differentially expressed proteins were identified, mainly re- lated to cytoskeleton remodeling, carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, and various synthases and metabolic en- zymes. Conclusion Low temperature treatment can induce changes in protein expression in Cx. pipiens pallens. Further analysis of the differential proteins may be promising to obtain antifreeze proteins from Cx. pipiens pallens. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and prokaryotic expression of Giardia lamblia eb1 gene LI Wen-lin , WANG Hong-bin , LI Shu-ning , WANG Yang , LI Zhi-min , SHEN Hai-e , LIU Hong-ning , LI You- mei , ZHAO Xu-an 2020, 18 (1):  21-24.  Abstract ( 803 )   PDF (1209KB) ( 1174 )   Objective To clone and express the C2 strain of Giardia lambia End-binding protein 1(gEB1) in E. coli. Methods Recombinant gEB1 protein was obtained, on which basis the primer was designed to clone gEB1 gene using C2 strain of Giardia lamblia as template and sequence reference to gEB1 gene by international standard WB strain The PCR product was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pE-28α(+) with restriction enzymes Nco I and Xho I. The recombinant vector pET-28a(+)-gEB1 was transformed into E. coli host strain Rosetta(DE3), then the fusion protein was expressed by IPTG induction at 30℃ for 5 h. All products were tested and confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Results The prokaryotic expression vector was successfully constructed, and the EB1 was highly expressed in E. coli Rosetta (DE3). SDS-PAGE and Western blot showed that the expressed product was about 29 kDa that was consistent with the defined value. Conclusion gEB1 gene has been successfully cloned and expressed in E. coli Rosetta(DE3), the recombinant protein can be used for further functional study and antibody preparation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Protective effects of resveratrol on injury of bladder mucosa induced by Escherichia coli in rats QIAN Yu , CAI Ru , ZHOU En-pu , HUANG Jin-bao , GONG Dong-wei 2020, 18 (1):  25-28.  Abstract ( 635 )   PDF (2398KB) ( 1112 )   Objective To investigate protective effects of resveratrol on the injury of bladder mucosa induced by Escherichia coli(E. coli) in rats. Methods Forty-five female SD rats, weighting (170±10) g were randomly divided into control group, model group and resveratrol treatment group. Rat models of injury of bladder muscosa were developed E. coli perfusion through the implanted catheter in the urethra, and rats in experimental group were ingragastrically administered with resveratrol in dose of 40 mg / kg. By the end of experiment, bladder mucosae were obtained and microscopically examined for the pathological changes, and colorimetry was used to measure the activities of super oxide dismutase ( SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO). ELISA was performed to determine the level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 as well as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the bladder homogenate, and Western blot was used to measure TGF-β1 expression. Results Resveratrol obviously resulted in decreased inflammatory cell count, MDA and NO level, increased activities of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT, down-regulated TGF-β1 expression, and elevated IL-6 and IL-10 level in the bladder mucosae. Conclusion Resveratrol can improve injury of bladder mucosa in rats induced by E. coli through enhanced anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects, and reducing the fibrosis of the bladder mucosa. Related Articles | Metrics

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Commonly used statistical predictive models and their application in tuberculosis prediction WANG Ming- zhai , LI Jia , RUI Jia , WANG Yao , YANG Meng , WANG Qi - qi , CHEN Tian -mu , ZHENG Rong-rong 2020, 18 (1):  29-32.  Abstract ( 635 )   PDF (1427KB) ( 1381 )   Objective To assess the predictive models commonly used in statistics, and determine the optimal model (s) for predicting the trend of tuberculosis. Methods Commonly used statistical predictive models were described concerning the principles, goodness of fit test and model selection, and applied to predicting the trend of tuberculosis in Xiamen city for choice of the best one(s) in following prevention and control of the epidemics. Results The fitting results into the model and data showed that 11 models had statistical significance (P<0. 05). In the 11 models, the largest R2 model was Cubic, followed by the Quadratic and Logarithmic. Quadratic model was used, and revealed 191 (95% CI: 124-259), 192 (95% CI: 124-260), 193 (95% CI: 125-261), 194 (95% CI: 126-262) and 195 (95% CI: 127-263) and 196 cases of tuberculosis (95% CI: 128-264), respectively, reported in Xiamen area from July to December of 2019. Conclusion The commonly used statistical model can be used to predict the incidence trend of tuberculosis in Xiamen area, and the number of reported cases in Xiamen tends to slightly increase in the short term. Related Articles | Metrics

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Logistic differential equation model and its application in warning tuberculosis WANG Ming- zhai , YU Shan - shan , RUI Jia , YANG Meng , WANG Yao , WANG Qi - qi , CHEN Tian - mu , ZHENG Rong-rong , ZHANG Xiao-fen 2020, 18 (1):  33-36.  Abstract ( 939 )   PDF (2416KB) ( 1751 )   Objective To apply the logistic differential equation (LDE) model to predicting the spread of tuberculosis for a new method in early prevention and control of tuberculosis. Methods The principle of LDE model, calculation of the critical points at accelerated epidemic, advantages and disadvantages were analyzed, and simulation investigation was per- formed on the data reported in Xiamen City basis. Results Tuberculosis was highly prevalent in Xiamen from 2005 to 2018, typically characterized by wave in winter and spring seasons. LDE model resulted in well fitting to the prevalence. Accelera- tion of the epidemic was identified in the first or the second month of the previous years. Conclusion LDE model can better reflect the acceleration trend and initiation of warning of tuberculosis prevalence in early stage as well as the changing point of the epidemic, which should be a better tool for health workers in prevention, control and warning of tuberculosis on grass- root levels. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the endemic status of schistosomiasis in Hunan Province in 2018 WANG Hui-lan, ZHOU Jie, HU Ben-jiao, JIANG Qiong, TANG Ling, XIA Meng, REN Guang-hui 2020, 18 (1):  37-40.  Abstract ( 1063 )   PDF (1697KB) ( 1823 )   Objective To report and analyze the epidemic status of schistosomiasis in Hunan Province in 2018 for corresponding counter measures in the disease prevention and control. Methods The data of schistosomiasis prevalence were collected in Hunan Province in 2018, and statistically analyzed. Results By the end of 2018, schistosomiasis was epidemic in 280 townships and 2 415 villages(communities) in the 42 counties( districts) under the 7 administrative cities. Of the 41 endemic counties(districts), 18 had reached the criteria of transmission control, 13 transmission interruption and 10 elimina- tion. Blood test in 1. 093 million people revealed positive results in 31 295(2. 86%), and stool examination in 33 216 subjects demonstrated zero infection in 2018. There were a total of 5 034 patients with advanced schistosomiasis, yet acute schistosomiasis was absent. Totally, 91 891 heads of cattle were being raised in schistosomiasis epidemic areas in Hunan Province. Blood test in 43 000 and fecal test in 40 872 bovines carried out in 2018 showed no infection. In 2018, snail sur- vey was performed in 91 710. 07 hm2 , in which 61 263. 69 hm2 was identified with snail prevalence(66. 80% ). However, no infectious snails, and no newly emerging snail area were found in Hunan in 2018. Current areas with snails were 173 084. 53 hm2 in Hunan, consisting of the lake and marsh, and hilly environment in respective 172 184. 97 hm2 and 899. 56 hm2 . No water-net areas were involved. By the end of 2018, no acute schistosomiasis cases or infectious snails were reported since in the past 5 consecutive years. Conclusion Schistosomiasis tends to decline across Hunan province, yet the risk of local transmission still exists, which suggests that consolidated prevention and surveillance measures are necessary to eventually arrive at the goal of interruption and elimination. Related Articles | Metrics

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Endemic status of schistosomiasis in Anhui Province in 2018 GAO Feng-hua, ZHANG Shi-qing, WANG Tian-ping, HE Jia-chang, DING Song-jun, XU Xiao-juan, LI Ting-ting, DAI Bo, LIU Ting 2020, 18 (1):  41-45，55.  Abstract ( 691 )   PDF (2180KB) ( 1236 )   Objective To analyze the endemic status of schistosomiasis in 2018 and epidemiological trend of this disease in the past years in Anhui Province. Methods The data on schistosomiasis prevalence and control were collected and an- alyzed in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2018. Results By the end of 2018, among 50 counties endemic for Schistomiasis japonica distributed in 9 cities in Anhui, 27,13 and 10 counties had reached the criteria of transmission control, transmission interruption and elimination, respectively. In 2018, 2. 147 million people were screened by inquiring investigation, 0. 989 million people by blood tests and 0. 127 million by stool examination, which revealed positive results in 470 689, 11 759 and 0, respectively. It was estimated that 5 890 people were infected by schistosome, including chronic cases estimated in 538 and advanced cases in 5 352. No acute cases were reported. The mean infection rate was 0. 08% in human. In the 26 470 bovines being raised in endemic areas, 528 bovines were screened by blood test, and 12 992 by stool test. No infection was found. The snail survey covered an area of 84 365. 2 hm2 , and snails were found in an area of 20 269. 3 hm2 , including 15. 0 hm2 with newly emerging snails and 45. 9 hm2 with reemerging snails. No infected snails were found. A total of 10 763. 8 hm2 area with snail was controlled by using molluscicides, and 137. 4 hm2 with snails were eradicated. The area infested with Oncomelania hupensis snails was 26 434. 0 hm2 in the end of 2018. The data of 50 national schistosomiasis surveillance sites showed that no population or livestock infection in 2018, the rate of frame and the density of living snail was 11.2% , 0. 38/0.11 m2 , respectively. A remarkable decline was found in the infection rate in human and bovines by 90. 4% and 100% , respectively, from 2004 to 2018. The area with snail distribution was fluctuated between 0. 264 billion m2 and 0. 310 billion m2 . No infected snails and acute cases of schistosomiasis had been found since 2013. Conclusion The results show that the schistosomiasis transmission tends to decline in Anhui, yet the transmission risk of schistosomiasis remains in some areas. Strengthened prevention and surveillance is essential for following goal in transmission interruption and even elimination of schistosomiasis in Anhui Province. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison on application of microscopy, RDT and PCR to malaria diagnosis WANG Jia-zhi, LI Xi-shang, YIN Shou-qin, WANG Xing-juan, YANG Dong-hai, LI Xin-he 2020, 18 (1):  46-48,58.  Abstract ( 1245 )   PDF (1388KB) ( 1854 )   Objective To compare the effects of microscopic examination, rapid diagnostic test ( RDT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in detection of plasmodium for rational determination of diagnostic methods on grass-root level basis. Methods Blood samples were obtained in patients with fever in Tengchong city from 2015 to 2018 for malaria de- tection. The indexes, including sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were analyzed and compared among the three testing techniques based on the final diagnosis. Results Of the 610 blood samples, 295 were negative and 315 positive, in which 67 samples were associated with Plasmodium falciparum , 245 with Plasmodium vivax, 2 with mixed infections, and 1 with Plasmodium malariae. Compared with the final diagnosis, the sensitivity was 95. 87% , 94. 60% and 99. 37% for microscopy, RDT and PCR, respectively, and specificity was 100% for the three methods. The false negative rate was 4. 13% , 5. 40 and 0. 63% , and negative predictive value was 95. 78% , 94. 55% and 99. 33% , respectively for microscopy, RDT and PCR. False positive rate was 0, and positive predictive value 100% for the three techniques. The total coincidence rate was 97. 87% , 97. 70% and 99. 67% , respectively, for microscopy, RDT and PCR. Kappa analysis dem- onstrated that the results tested by the three methods were highly consistent with the final findings (P<0. 001). Coincidence rate by microscopy, RDT and PCR in single species of falciparum was 88. 06% , 100% and 97. 01% , and 97. 97% , 93. 9% and 100% , respectively in other three species of falciparium. Conclusion The three detection methods have high sensitivity and specificity, yet RDT is worthy of wider recommendation on grass-root level by taking the real practice in current prevention and control of malaria into consideration. Related Articles | Metrics

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Observing on the acute toxicity in ducklings from intake of crucian poisoned by sus- pension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide JIN Wei, ZHU Lei, MA Xiao-he, WANG Min, GUO Jian-duo, ZHANG Shi-qing 2020, 18 (1):  49-50,4.  Abstract ( 1007 )   PDF (1360KB) ( 832 )   Objective To observe the acute toxicity in ducklings resulted from intake of crucian contaminated by sus- pension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide(MNSC) for technical support for snail control with drugs in our prov- ince. Methods Twenty duckings of 60 days old were randomly divided into test group and control group. Ducklings in the test group were given crucian killed by MNSC in effective dose of 20 g / L, and those in the control group were fed with crucian naturally died from water. Each duckling in both groups was dosed with 40 g of the fish meat, and observed for the simultaneous reaction upon intake and increase of body weight one week after intake. Results No toxic reaction occurred in the ducklings in the test group in 6 h after intake, and the average body weight remained no significant difference before test(t = -0. 873, P= 0. 394) and after test( t = 0. 973, P = 0. 343) in both groups. Conclusion Acute toxicity of MNSC appears free in our ducklings after intake of the contaminated crucian. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluating the efficiency of medication by tabulating card instruction in patients CAO Guo-min, XU Jun-jin, HU Juan, MENG Xiang-yun 2020, 18 (1):  51-52,36.  Abstract ( 663 )   PDF (1356KB) ( 1022 )   Objective To assess the efficiency of tabulating card in instructing patients undergoing mediation with acarbose and digoxin for evidence to plan safe, effective and tailored use of such drugs. Methods Patients obtaining acarbose and digoxin in our hospital dispensary from 2019 of January to May were randomly allocated to observational group and con- trol group by computer sampling. Patients in the observational group received guidance to use of the drugs with prescribed tabulating card, while those in the control group were verbally informed on the drug administration. Then 25 patients were randomly selected in each group, and followed by telephone call for their knowledge on precautions on before use of the medicine, adverse effects, compliance and awareness. The information was maintained and analyzed. Results Patients in the observational group had higher rate in understanding the precautions, adverse effects and means to deal with the adverse re- sponse as well as compliance with the use instructions and awareness. Conclusion Prescribed tabulating card guidance can ef- fectively improve patient's compliance with the drug administration advised by the pharmacists. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Smarter Classroom based on "Rain Classroom" to teaching of Human Parasitology GU Sheng-li, ZHAO Jin-hong, TANG Xiao-niu, ZHOU Shu-lin, GAO Xi-yin, LIU Ting, LI Yuan - yuan, ZHAN Xiao-dong∗ 2020, 18 (1):  53-55.  Abstract ( 701 )   PDF (950KB) ( 1160 )   This article describes a new teaching mode for Human Parasitology based on Smarter Classroom of Rain Classroom. The results showed that the Rain Classroom as a teaching tool can change the teacher's role in classroom teach- ing, arouse enthusiasm of students for learning, motivate the learner's initiative, promote the interaction between teachers and students in class and after class, better inform the teachers in understanding of the students in learning outcomes, and assist teachers in raising their instruction ability. The findings suggest that Rain Classroom can be an efficient Smarter Classroom tool for classroom teaching. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary study on applying modular teaching method to Clinical Biochemistry Test TANG Xiao-long, HOU Chang-hao, CAI Shu-yu, YANG Xiao-yu 2020, 18 (1):  56-58.  Abstract ( 523 )   PDF (763KB) ( 1144 )   Clinical Biochemistry Test is one the core disciplines for students majoring in medical laboratory, and char- acterized by strong theory and clinical practical. However, a gap exists so far between conventional teaching modality and de- mand of professional skills in clinical practice. Thus, it is urgent to change the conventional teaching mode to highlight the nature of this course. This article describes our preliminary effort in introducing modular teaching method into instruction of students in learning Clinical Biochemistry Test, and proposes five major suggestions, with an attempt to provide new ideas for reformation this curriculum. Related Articles | Metrics

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Anti-tumor immune effect and mechanism induced by parasites FU Chang-fang , CHU Xuan-ning , CAO Zhi-guo∗ 2020, 18 (1):  59-63.  Abstract ( 787 )   PDF (861KB) ( 1902 )   This paper describes the anti-tumor effect from parasite infection and the anti-tumor immune mechanism induced by several common parasites. The findings showed that when a host was infected with certain parasite, the cellular immunity would be enhanced, resulting in inhibited growth of the tumor cells, metastasis and tumor angiogenesis, and this mechanism was theoretically confirmed in several animal models. However, certain aspects, including the anti-tumor effect of parasite infection in clinic and whether there should be potential risks in humans following use of parasite-derived antigens, need further investigation. Related Articles | Metrics