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27 November 2020, Volume 18 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Interpretation of Technical Scheme for Echinococcosis Control (Edition 2019)  ZHENG Can-jun, YANG Liu, ZHANG Guang-jia, WANG Qian, WU Wei-ping, YAN Jun 2020, 18 (4):  193-196,201.  Abstract ( 1111 )   PDF (730KB) ( 2661 )   In order to better understand and implement the Technical Scheme for Echinococcosis Control (Edition 2019) for guiding the prevention and control of echinococcosis across the country, this paper compared current plan with the Technical Plan for Echinococcosis Control (Trial) issued in 2007, and made an interpretation on the main contents of revision of the plan in 2019, as well as focused on the classification of echinococcosis in endemic areas, approaches to case review and follow-up, filing management, case investigation, epidemic site investigation, specific use of the repellents in canines concerning the rationales, implications and relevant considerations in the new version, with an expect to supply the professionals with reference for prevention and control of echinococcosis in various regions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the epidemic situation of imported malaria in Guangdong Province from 2011 to 2019 CHEN Jing-diao, LIN Rong-xing, DENG Zhuo-hui, PAN Bo, PEI Fu-quan, LU Wen-cheng, LIAO Yu-huang 2020, 18 (4):  197-201.  Abstract ( 589 )   PDF (2313KB) ( 1394 )   Objective To analyze the epidemic situation of imported malaria in Guangdong Province for ensuring long-term effect of the prevention and control strategies in our province. Methods Surveillance data of malaria were obtained and reviewed in Guangdong from 2011 to 2019. Results Totally, 1 524 imported malaria cases, including 1 147 (75. 26% ) of falciparum malaria, 218(14. 30% ) vivax malaria, 90 (5. 91% ) quartan malaria,30 (1. 97% ) Ovale malaria, 10 (0. 66% ) mixed malaria, 1 (0. 07% ) plasmodiumknowless, and 28 (1. 84% ) unclassified, were reported from 2011 to 2019 in Guangdong. 76. 97% (1 173 / 1 524) of the cases were scattered in 19 cities, and ranked top three by Guangzhou (790 cases, 51. 84% ), Shenzhen(297 cases, 19. 49% ) and Foshan(86 cases, 5. 64% ). The imported cases were primarily from Africa and Southeast Asia, including 312 cases ( 20. 47% ) from Nigeria, 126 ( 8. 27% ) from Ghana, and 99 (6. 50% ) from Cameroon. The ratio of male / female was 7. 51 ∶ 1, and 76. 25% of the cases were at age of 20 to 49 years in man. The infection was prominent in personnels in business service ( 25. 98% , 396 / 1 524), export workers( 24. 54% ,374 / 1 524), and housewifes or unemployed(9. 38% , 143 / 1 524), which accounted for 59. 91% (913 / 1 524) of the total reported cases. Of the 287 foreign malaria cases reported, 90. 24% were Africans, in whom 16. 38% (47 / 287) were Nigerians, 6. 97% (20 / 287) Angolans, and 6. 62% (19 / 287)Cameroonians. The most infection was associated with Plasmodium falciparum(85. 71% , 246 / 287), Plasmodium vivax(10. 1% , 29 / 287) and Plasmodium malariae(1. 74% , 5 / 287). Totally, 15 deathes were reported, yet no secondary infection occurred in the imported cases. Conclusion At present, the measures of malaria prevention and control in Guangdong Province appear still sensitive and effective. Nevertheless, imported cases have become the main threat in malaria control and prevention at present and in the future, which suggests that it is necessary to adjust the prevention and control strategies and continue to strengthen monitoring over the transmission and treatment of the patients. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of schistosomiasis endemic situation of national surveillance sites in Yunnan Province from 2017 to 2019 SHEN Mei-fen, FENG Xi-guang, ZHANG Yun, DU Chun-hong, WANG Li-fang, SONG Jing, DONG Yi 2020, 18 (4):  202-206.  Abstract ( 800 )   PDF (752KB) ( 1137 )   Objective To analyze the dynamic and endemic status of schistosomiasis in at national surveillance sites in Yunnan Province from 2017 to 2019 so as to provide scientific evidences for planning prevention and control measures.  Methods Individual national surveillance site was respectively set up in 18 counties with schistosomiasis prevalence across the province. Survey and surveillance were carried out on the basic information and infection status in floating population, livestock and Oncomelania hupensis snails, 13 sites and 7 sites were weighed to undergo surveillance on the infection status in local residents and wild feces,respecitively. Results Between 2017 and 2019, the serum positive rate was respectively 6. 40% and 0. 92% for local residents and floating population in the surveillance sites in Yunnan, yet no positive case was found by stool test confirmation in the subjects with serum positive findings. Survey of a total of 6 070 livestock and 2 150 aliquots of wild feces showed no positive infection. Totally, 199. 12 hm2 out of 5 675. 58 hm2 areas were identified with snails. The occurrence rate of snails was 0. 54% ~ 0. 73% for each frame, and the density of living snails was 0. 017 2 to 0. 031 3 snails / 0. 1m2. No positive snails were found. Conclusion Schistosomiasis prevalence is generally and effectively controlled in Yunnan Province, for no infection was identified in population, livestock and snails in our surveillance sites. Also, the area with snail habitats remains low. Suggestions on the following measures should include enhanced monitoring of imported infection sources, establishment of quick response system for surveillance, and continued implementation of comprehensive prevention and control of the infection sources and snails. Related Articles | Metrics

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Monitoring results of taeniasis in Dali City from 2016 to 2019 WANG Shang-wei, LIU Hong-kun, LI Ke-rong, CHEN Shao-rong, WANG Hai-ying, ZHAO Shen-hua, YANY Jing, LI Ting, SUN Hai-ying, ZHAO Jia, KANG Xue-jun 2020, 18 (4):  207-210.  Abstract ( 640 )   PDF (736KB) ( 1962 )   Objective To understand the epidemic and dynamic status as well as prevalence trend of taeniasis in Dali City for evidence to plan scientific prevention and control strategies. Methods From 2016 to 2019, we carried out a history survey and stool examination of taeniasis in population in Dali area, and provided deworming medications for partial infected locals on their own free will and residents reporting of a history of excreted groglottid that, though, was negative for fecal examination. In the event that complete body or any segment of a tapeworm was detected in the latter following deworming medications, they were considered as positive infection and included in this study. Results The infection rate of taeniasis was 2. 94% ,2. 26% , 0. 93% and 0. 33% , respectively from 2016 to 2019, which tended to decrease year by year. Annual average infection rate was higher in males(2. 13% )than in females(1. 18% ), and higher in 14-year-old group (2. 44% ) than in 3-year-old group (0. 47% ) and 60-year-old group (1. 18% ). Farmers had higher infection (1. 99% ) than school students (0. 64% ). The annual average infection rate was also higher in population of illiteracy or semi-illiteracy than preschool children and primary school students(3. 56% vs. 1. 49% and 1. 25% ). All the infected subjects were Bai ethnic. Infection was free in teachers, village cadres and residents with college degree or above during the 4 years. Conclusion Although taeniasis remains in the lowest prevalence in Dali area, yet the locals still maintain habit of eating raw meat and raw pig liver. Therefore, there still exists many challenges in prevention and control of taeniasis, and following prevention and control measures should be implemented in comprehensive manner. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and Application of PCR-RFLP to Plasmodium detection JIA Xi-shuai, ZUO Yu-ting, CHEN Fang, ZHOU Shui-mao 2020, 18 (4):  211-215.  Abstract ( 636 )   PDF (1267KB) ( 1749 )   Objective To establish a PCR-RFLP method for detecting Plasmodium, and evaluate the application effect of this technique. Methods The blood samples were collected from patients with imported malaria between 2010 and 2018. Group-specific primers for Plasmodium was designed according to the genus and species specific sites of 4 Plasmodium mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) genes. The DNA was extracted from the blood samples, and amplified for the gene fragments using nested PCR. The amplified products were digested by restriction enzyme Alu I. PCR-RFLP detection procedures were established on the specific bands generated by different species of Plasmodium. Then the sensitivity and specificity of this newly developed method were analyzed and compared with the detection findings by nested PCR, together with application of the value of this method. Results The minimal threshold was 2. 5, 2, 3. 6, 4 and 1. 5 Plasmoda / μL blood sample for P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. vivax, P. ovale( P. ocand P. ow), respectively, by PCR-RFLP. Totally, 121 blood samples of malaria patients and 45 blood samples of healthy subjects were detected. Nested-PCR identified 115 positive samples, and PCR-RFLP exposed 118 positive samples. The sensitivity was 95. 0% and 97. 5% , respectively, which indicated better consistency between the two techniques( Kappa value = 0. 93 ), yet no statistical difference( χ2 = 0. 8, P>0. 05). No specific bands were seen for Schistosoma japonicum, Leishmania an Cryptosporidium. Conclusion PCR-RFLP can be served as a new approach to detection of nucleic acid in Plasmodium, because this technique possesses higher sensitivity and specificity, with minimal threshold and easy judgment of the findings. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the skill competition results of schistosomiasis control professionals in Hunan Province in 2018 XIA Meng, HE Hong-bin, YU Xin-ling, LI Guang-ping, LUO Zhen-hua, DENG Yi, ZHOU Jie 2020, 18 (4):  216-220.  Abstract ( 745 )   PDF (755KB) ( 996 )   Objective To investigate and evaluate the level of theoretical thinking and diagnostic skills in intestinal helminthiasis (schistosomiasis) prevention and control professionals in the schistosomiasis prevention and control institutions in Hunan Province for scientific basis to strengthen the competence of the professionals in laboratory work at the grass-roots level. Methods The competition was carried out on team group basis. All participants were professionals from schistosomiasis prevention and control institutions at county-level of Hunan Province, and underwent test of the professional theoretical knowledge and diagnostic practice. Each contestant was evaluated by the grading standard, and the results were statistically analyzed. The quantitative results between team groups were analyzed by variance, and the comparison of rate was conducted by chi-square test. Results The average score was (75. 80±10. 70) points for each competitor(qualified rate: 92. 59% ). The average score on written examination and diagnostic skills was (63. 41±14. 15) and (81. 11±11. 68), and the qualified rate was 62. 96% and 96. 29% , respectively. The passing rate of written test was not significantly different in genders, ages, contestants with different academic title or from different institutions(P >0. 05), and the difference was also insignificant in professional practice among competitors of different age and with different academic title (P >0. 05), yet the female professionals had better diagnostic skills than males(P < 0. 05). And professional practice was better in competitors from professional schistosomiasis institutions(schistosomiasis control station, schistosomiasis control hospital and schistosomiasis control sector) or from areas where the epidemic reached the standard of transmission interruption than in those from institutions with partial  responsibilities in schistosomiasis prevention and control(CDC) or areas where schistosomiasis was just arrived at elimination criteria (both P < 0. 05). Conclusion Professionals in our province have higher skills in diagnostic practice in schistosomiasis control field, yet their theoretical knowledge appears weaker, which suggests the talents in this field should be strengthened with more training and skill preparation. Related Articles | Metrics

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R&D of a harmless sanitary latrine for small-sized ships and evaluation of its effect on killing Schistosoma japonicum eggs YU Xin-ling, GAO Jun-rong, LI Guang-ping, XIA Meng, WU Xiang, JIANG Li-ping, LUO Zhen-hua, DENG Yi, LUO Zhi-hong 2020, 18 (4):  221-223,215.  Abstract ( 672 )   PDF (1845KB) ( 1408 )   Objective To research and develop(R&D) a harmless sanitary latrine for small-sized ships, and evaluate the efficacies of such latrine in killing Schistosoma japonicum eggs. Methods The sanitary latrine was developed based on the principles of three-septic-tank toilet by combined introduction of the microbial agents that could decompose feces to form a strong acid environment in latrine. Simulated field experiments were performed to evaluate the efficacy of the harmless sanitary latrine in killing Schistosoma japonicum eggs. Results Simulation test showed that this sanitary latrine for small-sized ships could completely kill the Schistosoma japonicum eggs with the role of microbial agents. The difference was significant difference between experiment group and control group ( P < 0. 05). Conclusion The harmless sanitary latrine is valuable for smallsized ships running in the lake areas, because it does not need power supply, and is easy to use, energy-saving and environmentally friendly. Particularly, this facility satisfies the national standard GB 7959-2012 Hygienic requirements for harmless disposal of night soil in schistosomiasis control. Related Articles | Metrics

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Surveillance of schistosomiasis in Gaoyou sections of Eastern Route of the South-toNorth Water Diversion Project from 2016 to 2019 ZHU Yu-fang, GAO Jin-bin, WAN Zhong, HE Yong, GUO Kai-zhong, ZUO Yin-ping∗, HUANG Yi-xin 2020, 18 (4):  224-226,230.  Abstract ( 759 )   PDF (5820KB) ( 1192 )   Objective To understand the epidemic of schistosomiasis in Gaoyou sections of Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Methods  The Oncomelania snails were monitored by means of systematic sampling combined with environmental sampling in the Grand Canal, Sanyang River and the adjacent lake areas. Net salvage and rice straw curtains were used to capture the snails for survey of their prevalence in the surveillance sites of the Grand Canal, Sanyang River. Dipstick dye immunoassay( DDIA) and indirect hemagglutination ( IHA) were used to screen residents and livestock in the monitoring area. Both population and livestock with positive findings further underwent pathogen detection using stool hatching or Kato-Katz technique. Results The Oncomelania snails were not found in the Grand Canal and Sanyang River from 2016 to 2019. Investigation of a total area of 11 402. 74 hm2 in the adjacent lake area revealed that areas with snails were between 27. 55 hm2 and 77. 51 hm2. Totally, 125 kg floating debris was refloated and 160 pieces of rice straw curtains were placed in the surveillance sites, in which no snails were detected. Of the 31 311 residents (person-time) underwent detection, positive for DDIA was found in 226, yet infection was free in the 10 736 residents( person-time) received pathogen detection. No infection was seen in the 1 083 livestock detected. Conclusion Although there is no spreading of the Oncomelania hupensis and schistosomiasis prevalence in Gaoyou sections of Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, yet surveillance over the snails and schistosomiasis remains necessary in those areas. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the surveillance results of schistosomiasis in Yingcheng City from 2009 to 2018 ZENG Hong-ping, SHAN Xiao-wei, ZHU Zhi-hui 2020, 18 (4):  227-230.  Abstract ( 659 )   PDF (1026KB) ( 1164 )   Objective To analyze the surveillance results of schistosomiasis in Yingcheng City from 2009 to 2018 so as to understand the epidemic situation of schistosomiasis and evaluate the control effect of schistosomiasis in scientific fashion.  Methods According to National Scheme for Schistosomiasis Surveillance and The Scheme of Schistosomiasis Surveillance in Hubei Province, three typical endemic villages were selected between 2009 and 2018 to undergo surveillance over schistosomiasis. The surveillance data were annually collected and analyzed. Results From 2009 to 2018, a total of 738 cases of schistosomiasis were reported, in which 92 were confirmed. No sudden endemic occurred during the 10 years. Totally, positive blood rate was decreased to 0. 91% in 2018 from 6. 31% in 2009. Human prevalence of schistosomiasis was decreased from 2. 15% in 2009 to 0 in 2014. The positive rate of blood test and schistosomiasis were higher in male and population aged over 60 years. Positive results were identified in 6 out of a total of 834 livestock tested before 2013. The infection rate of snails was zero, and the density of live snails was decreased from 0. 195 0 / frame in 2009 to 0. 031 6 / frame in 2018. Surveillance frame with snails was decreased from 10. 90% in 2009 to 2. 69% in 2018. Conclusion The infection rate of schistosomiasis in population, livestock and snails were greatly reduced in Yingcheng City due to comprehensive control measures implemented from 2009 to 2018, and currently schistosomiasis remains in lower prevalent. However, following measures should be focused on consolidated surveillance, comprehensive management, enhanced risk control and management of floating population. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the antiviral treatment of advanced schistosomiasis with ascites and hepatitis B,Hunan Province  WANG Hong-bo, JING Qun-shan, ZHENG Na, TAO Jiang, XIE Yun, PENG Ni-na 2020, 18 (4):  231-233.  Abstract ( 703 )   PDF (728KB) ( 1264 )   Objective To understand the current situation of antiviral treatment of advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites and hepatitis B for further standardizing the clinical treatment protocol. Methods The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed in 117 patients of advanced schistosomiasis with ascites concomitant with hepatitis B, admitted to and treated in 2018 in the National Key Clinical Specialty of Schistosomiasis of Xiangyue Hospital affiliated to Hunan Provincial Institute of Schistosomiasis Control. All patients were followed up. Results Of the 117 cases of advanced schistosomiasis with hepatitis B, 85 were males and 32 females. The patients aged from 33 to 86 years old, with an average of (53. 99 ± 11. 46) years. Seventy-one (60. 7% ) received antiviral therapy, in whom 48 were treated with adefovir dipivoxil and 44 with virological response. Drug resistance occurred in 2 patients, and death occurred in another 2 from upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Virological response was achieved in the 23 patients treated by entecavir. Forty-six patients did not receive antiviral treatment due to economic reasons and failure of compliance with long-term treatment course. Conclusion The proportion of advanced schistosomiasis with ascites and hepatitis B is high, and standardized anti-hepatitis B treatment should be strengthened. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application progress of loop-mediated isothermal amplification technology in the diagnosis of human parasitic diseases ZHU Zhi-wei, ZHAO Jin-hong 2020, 18 (4):  234-238,233.  Abstract ( 682 )   PDF (826KB) ( 1814 )   Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a molecular biology diagnostic technology developed in the past few years, with simplicity, sensitivity, specificity and practicability, and has been widely used in the diagnosis of human and animal parasitic diseases. This article aims at describing the application of LAMP technology to detecting protozoa, nematodes, flukes, tapeworm infections. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in nucleic acid detection in the diagnosis of echinococcosis WANG Qi, HE Ping, WAN Li 2020, 18 (4):  239-242.  Abstract ( 702 )   PDF (771KB) ( 1343 )   Echinococcosis is one kind of zoonotic parasitic disease that seriously endangers public health. In view of the limitations of imaging and immunological diagnosis, many nucleic acid techniques have been developed for detecting the pathogenic echinococcus in recent years, including polymerase chain reaction(PCR), multiple-PCR, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP). This paper summarized the progress of application of nucleic acid technique to the diagnosis of echinococcosis, together with the application value being investigated. Related Articles | Metrics

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The clinical significance of COVID-19 Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines (Interim version 8)  YIN Ming, YANG Yun, GAO Yong 2020, 18 (4):  243-246,206.  Abstract ( 569 )   PDF (772KB) ( 1322 )   In order to better understand the new version of COVID-19 Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines (Interim version 8) in clinical practice, this article attempts to make a detailed interpretation of the contexts amended in current version, including updated disease definition, epidemiological characteristics, pathological changes, diagnostic criteria, clinical classification, treatment and nursing, early rehabilitation, discharge criteria for the patients and disease prevention. Related Articles | Metrics

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Considerations on the challenge and countermeasures of prevention and control of food-borne parasitic diseases in China on stall-economy basis  JI Yong-sheng, YAO Yong, LIU Miao, SHEN Ji-long 2020, 18 (4):  247-250.  Abstract ( 522 )   PDF (835KB) ( 1245 )   Stall-economy is an economic form in which income is obtained by setting up street stalls, which is of certain practical significance to relieve employment pressure and improve the life of low-income people. Although this economic pattern is a supplement to the market economy of our nation, and helps to promote economic development, yet it may also bring certain challenges to the prevention and control of food-borne parasitic diseases. This paper briefly summarized the infection status of food-borne parasites associated with foodstuff in the street-gourmet in China, and the epidemic situation of food-borne parasitic diseases in population, and proposed some countermeasures for the prevention and control of food-borne parasitic diseases in China based on the setting of street-stall economy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application and considerations of case-based teaching method in instruction of Human Parasitology YE Shu, CUI Fang, FU Xian-zhong, LU Yang, HOU Xiao-rong, WANG Chao-lan, WANG Ye-mei, WANG Yan, TANG Dong-sheng 2020, 18 (4):  251-252,220.  Abstract ( 506 )   PDF (737KB) ( 1040 )   In order to counteract the shortcomings in traditional class teaching and explore the value of case-based teaching approach, this paper summarized and discussed the case-based instruction of Human Parasitology with regard to the selection of cases, curriculum design, teaching process, advantages and problems in teaching, with an expectation to stimulate the learning enthusiasm and cultivate the autonomous learning ability of students as well as improve the teaching effect. Related Articles | Metrics