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12 August 2020, Volume 18 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Interpretation for National Surveillance Plan of Schistosomiasis (version 2020) DANG Hui, LI Yin-long, LV Shan∗ , XU Jing, LI Shi-zhu 2020, 18 (3):  133-137.  Abstract ( 1366 )   PDF (1977KB) ( 2887 )   The history of schistosomiasis surveillance in China was reviewed to emphasize the importance of timely revision of national surveillance plan. The major revisions in the plan of schistosomiasis surveillance were highlighted by comparing the versions 2020 and 2014. The recommendations were provided for the practice of new surveillance plan according to the past experiences. Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation and consideration of 2020 Edition Technical Specifications for TB Prevention and Control in China YAO Song, FANG Xue-hui 2020, 18 (3):  138-141,137.  Abstract ( 1359 )   PDF (1290KB) ( 3647 )   In order to help the tuberculosis(TB) prevention and control professionals at each level better understand and implement the Technical Specifications for TB Prevention and Control in China (2020 Edition), we attempt to make an interpretation on this new specifications and comparison with the changes between 2008 Technical Specifications and the Guidelines for the Implementation of TB Control Programs in China. The paper focuses on the interpretation and consideration of the new specifications pertinent to prevention and control strategies, enhancement of prevention, prevention and control of key population, service system provision, screening of the patients, together with their diagnosis, treatment and management,etc. , with an expectation to provide specific guides to the professionals in TB prevention and control at each level in their work practice. Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of WS/T 634-2018 Detection of intestinal protozoa-Iodine staining smear method ZHOU Rui-min, YANG Cheng-yun, LIU Ying, ZHANG Hong-wei 2020, 18 (3):  142-144.  Abstract ( 955 )   PDF (668KB) ( 1967 )   WS / T 634-2018 Detection of intestinal protozoa—Iodine staining smear method is the first systematic technical standard to detect intestinal protozoa using iodine solution in China. This standard was issued on September 26, 2018 and implemented on April 1, 2019. The paper aims at interpreting the standard concerning its background and drafting process, methods specified in the standard, main contents, implementation and the focus on publicity, with an attempt to offer a guideline for professionals in disease prevention and control institutions as well as medical institutions at all levels in the detection of intestinal protozoa with iodine staining smear method. Related Articles | Metrics

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Initial investigation and analysis on the distribution of Triatoma rubrofasciata in Guangdong Province LIAO Yu-huang , LU Wen-cheng , MAO Qiang , ZHANG Qi-ming , HE Yu-chi , DENG Zhuo-hui 2020, 18 (3):  145-150.  Abstract ( 915 )   PDF (6806KB) ( 1423 )   Objective To describe the geographical distribution of Triatoma rubrofasciata (T. rubrofasciata) in Guangdong Province, and to identify the morphological and molecular biological characteristics of this species. Methods The investigation was carried out in 23 counties of 8 cities in western Guangdong and Pearl River Delta. T. rubrofasciatae were collected by manual inspections and light trapping, and subjected to orphological identification using light microscopy. The DNA of T. rubrofasciata was extracted, and Cytb gene was amplified and sequenced with PCR and aligned with that in the GenBank. Results A total of 273 triatomines, 36 of which were nymphae and 237 were adults, were captured from 23 different counties in 8 cities in Guangdong. All collected bugs were identified as T. rubrofasciata by morphology. The phylogenetic tree based on the Cytb gene showed that the sequence of T. rubrofasciata from Guangdong was highly coincident with that of this species from Hepu County of Guangxi Province. The sequence homology was up to 94. 91% (GenBank:MH368018. 1). In addition, nine incidences of triatomines bite were observed during the investigation. Conclusion T.rubrofasciata is widely distributed in western areas and the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong Province, and the incidence of T.rubrofasciata bite often occur in residents in these areas, which suggests that enhanced surveillance and control of T.rubrofasciata are necessary. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the endemic characteristics for other infectious diarrhea in Chongqing,2009-2019 YANG Lin, ZHAO Han, LI Qin, LI Bai-song, Yi Juan, Xiong Yu, QI Li 2020, 18 (3):  151-154,187.  Abstract ( 888 )   PDF (3262KB) ( 1226 )   Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of infectious diarrhea other than cholera, dysentery,typhoid and paratyphoid in Chongqing for evidence to scientifically plan prevention and control strategies. Methods The data were collected from the Infectious Disease Monitoring System under the Infectious Disease Report Information System in China on other infectious diarrhea cases reported in Chongqing from 2009 to 2019. Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the infection behavior. Results A total of 359 471 other infectious diarrhea cases were reported from 2009 to 2019 (total population incidence:110. 10/ 100 000), and 4 deaths were reported. The annual reporting rate was between 69. 75/ 100 000 and 156. 76/ 100 000, and tended to increase yearly(χ2tendency = 986. 165,P<0. 001). Prevalence was peaked between July and September, and November and January of following year. Higher infections reported each year were Shapingba (354. 89/ 100 000), Nanan(260. 31/ 100 000) and Dianjiang (205. 11/ 100 000). Infection reported in population was higher in males(200 968 cases; incidence rate: 121. 10/ 100 000) than in females. Population aged under 5 years were most affected (68. 53% ; 246 347/ 359 471), particularly in children in nursery schools(66. 01% ; 237 279/359 471), followed by farmer (12. 09% ; 43 455/ 359 471). Virus(98. 29% ) was the dominant pathogen. Cases with rotavirus and Salmonella were 94. 05% ,52. 31% , respectively. A total of 189 aggregation events of other infectious diarrhea were reported, with reported cases of 4 363. No death occurred. Conclusion The situation of other infectious diarrhea in Chongqing still remains very serious. Comprehensive intervention measures should be taken to effectively control the outbreak and epidemic. Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological characteristics of scarlet fever in Jilin Province from 2010 to 2019 ZHAO Qing-long , LIU Shi-meng , LI Mei-na , ZHAO Yao , YU Guang-yan 2020, 18 (3):  155-158.  Abstract ( 643 )   PDF (1316KB) ( 981 )   Objective To analyze the tendency and epidemic characteristics of scarlet fever in Jilin Province for scientific evidence to plan effective prevention and control strategies. Methods Cases of scarlet fever reported in Jilin Province were retrieved from 2010 to 2019 through China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the distribution characteristics of this infectious disease in Jilin from 2010 to 2019. Results Totally, 26 614 cases of scarlet fever were reported in Jilin Province from 2010 through 2019, with an average annual incidence rate of 9. 71/ 100 000. This disease was prevalent throughout the year, yet characterized in seasonal fashion, peaked between May and June, and October and December. Although scarlet fever was generally prevalent in each city (prefecture), yet highest in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (23. 12/ 100 000), Jilin City(16. 68/ 100 000) and Songyuan City(10. 84/ 100 000). The incidence rate varied among different areas (P<0. 05). Students (41. 88% ),children at nursery(40. 67% ) and scattered living children (15. 96% ) were mostly affected, particularly those aged under 15 years(97. 87% ). The reported cases were higher in boys than in girls, with a ratio of 1. 44 ∶ 1, and the incidence rate was 11. 30/ 100 000 for boys and 8. 08/ 100 000 for girls. The difference was significant (P<0. 05). The highest distribution was in children aged 5 ~ 6 years, with reported incidence being 230. 01/ 100 000. Conclusion The incidence of scarlet fever appears in periodical fashion in Jilin Province, and students and children at nursery are at high risks of infection. Prevalence of this infectious disease is most associated with winter and spring seasons, suggesting that prevention and control of scarlet fever in schools and nursery institutions as well as areas with high incidence should be strengthened in winter and spring seasons in order to control the spread of this infection. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the risk factors for malaria infection in migrant laborers returned to Anhui from Africa JIANG Jing-jing , SHEN Dong-rong , WANG Duo-quan , LI Wei-dong , ZHANG Tao , LI Shi-zhu 2020, 18 (3):  159-164.  Abstract ( 800 )   PDF (792KB) ( 1363 )   Objective To identify the risk factors for malaria infection in migrant workers returned to Anhui from Africa countries. Methods Between January 2018 and December 2019, we conducted series of investigations on the risk factors for malaria infection among migrant workers returned to Anhui area from African countries by questionnaire on casecontrol study basis. Then the results were analyzed with univariate and multi-variate logistic regression model by using the outcome of infection as variate to identify the risks of malaria infection. Results A total of 396 subjects underwent the investigation, in whom 132 were malaria cases(129 males, 3 females) and 264 were controls(257 males, 7 females). The two groups were not significantly different in gender(P>0. 05) as well as average age[(43. 74±9. 16) years for malaria cases vs. (45. 05±7. 92) years for controls, t =1. 472,P>0. 05]. Univariate analysis indicated that malaria infection was associated with the age, educational background, occupation, types of residence abroad, house type, ecological environment around the dwellings, mosquito control measures, outdoor activity time and training on malaria knowledge abroad. Multivariate analysis showed that the risks of malaria infection were higher among workers in road construction or engineering, living on the open field, or in work shed or grass house[OR(95% CI) ]: 6. 493 (2. 932, 14. 380), 6. 250(2. 749, 14. 297)and 2. 191(1. 204, 3. 987). Malaria infection was increased by 1. 579 times with each level of prolonged outdoor activity time, yet use of mosquito nets and training on malaria knowledge abroad reduced the risk of infection by 82. 9% and 65. 1% , respectively. Conclusion Improved living conditions, strengthened mosquito control measures, regular malaria prevention education and reduced outdoor activity time can effectively reduce the risks of overseas malaria infection among migrant laborers, and the number of imported malaria cases in Anhui Province. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation on the molluscicidal effect of 60% metaldehyde water dispersible granules YUAN Yi , SHAN Xiao-wei, LI Bo, HE Hui 2020, 18 (3):  165-168.  Abstract ( 768 )   PDF (773KB) ( 1263 )   Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal effect of 60% metaldehyde water dispersible granules(MWG) against Oncomelania hupensis snails in laboratory and field settings. Methods By the standard procedures specified in Efficacy Test Methods and Evaluation of Molluscicide for Pesticide Registration(NY / T 1617-2008), we conducted the experiment in both laboratory and field setting using MWG against the snails via immersing and spraying methods. Then the mulluscicidal effect was compared with that of 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt ( WPN ). Results In the laboratory, LC50(s) at 1, 3 and 7 d was 0. 312(0. 271~0. 360), 0. 216(0. 190~0. 245)and 0. 177(0. 160~0. 196) g /m2 , respectively, by MWG immersing. The mortality rate of snails was 98. 00% by spraying MWG for 7 days in dose 0. 900 g / m2 in the laboratory setting, and respectively 90. 91% and 85. 12% by the identical protocol applied to the field settings at grass beaches and flood plains in Yueyang and Jiangling County. The difference was insignificant for the mortality rate of snails when comparing the dosage of 50% WPN (1. 000 g / m2 ) with that of 60% MWG (0. 900 g / m2 and 1. 800 g / m2 administered at the grass beaches in Yueyang County, χ2 = 2. 555, 3. 340; P > 0. 05, respectively) and (1. 800 g / m2 administered at the flood plains in Jiangling County (χ2 =0. 989, P>0. 05). Conclusion Spraying 60% MWG in dose of 0.900 g / m2 in both laboratory and field setting can lead to the requirements specified in Efficacy Test Methods and Evaluation of Molluscicide for Pesticide Registration, which suggests that this protocol may be a novel and potent molluscicide with easy performance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application research on marking & recapture method in estimating the quantity of Oncomelania hupensis ZHANG Cong, LI Bo, YI Jia, WAN Lun, LIU Si 2020, 18 (3):  169-172.  Abstract ( 679 )   PDF (761KB) ( 1070 )   Objective To assess the feasibility of applying marking & recapture approach to estimating the population quantity of Oncomelania hupensis at the field experiment base. Methods Population quantity of snails in the ditches at the field experiment base was estimated using marking & recapture method, and compared with the findings by conventional snail population investigation for evaluation of the feasibility of this technique in field survey of the snail quantity. Results The average population quantity of snails estimated in the six ditches was 3 833, 3 345, 6 951, 4 772, 3 329 and 4 188 heads in spring season and 4 190, 3 486, 7 808, 5 344, 3 968 and 4 772 heads in autumn, respectively by the method of marking & recapture; and 3 765, 3 251, 6 994, 4 739, 3 304 and 4 105 heads in spring and 4 094, 3 471, 7 866, 5 304, 3 729 and 4 696 in autumn, respectively, by conventional snail population investigation. The consistency was better for the two methods. Conclusion Marking & recapture method can be used to estimate the population quantity of snails under the certain environment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative observations on the outcomes of three devices in trapping adult Aedes GU Deng-an , SUN Ai-juan, XU Yuan, CHEN Xue-liang 2020, 18 (3):  173-175,164.  Abstract ( 832 )   PDF (1778KB) ( 2121 )   Objective To compare the trapping effect of three mosquito trap devices(Kungfu Xiaoshuai, Maxttrac,BG-Mosquitaire CO2 ) in ensnaring adult Aedes. Methods The field experiments were carried out in residential areas and environment surveillance center in Suhou City. Three types of mosquito traps were placed in individual habitat to monitor adult Aedes at 15:00 or 15:30 for 2 hours each day. The experiments were run for three rounds by in turn exchanging the trapping device among the experimental sites. The captured mosquitoes in each trap were counted, and the species were identified for comparing the outcomes of three difference devices in mosquito catching. Results BG-trap showed that the activities of Aedes albopictus were in two peaks, i. e. , between 5:00-7:00 am and 15:00-17:00 pm. The number of mosquitoes trapped in the residential areas and the environment surveillance center by Kungfu Xiaoshuai, Maxttrac and BGMosquitaire CO2 trap was 2. 0, 0. 9 and 57. 5 heads; and 4. 7, 1. 3 and 42. 0 capita, respectively, by each device. In addition, the BG-trap had caught small number of Culex pipiens pallens. Conclusion The three types of mosquito traps can capture some Aedes albopictus, yet BG-trap is worthy of recommendation because it is more effective than the other two devices. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of patients with severe COVID-19 TU Xiong-wen , QUAN Bin , CHENG Yu-sheng , YANG Jiang-hua , LU Zhi-wei 2020, 18 (3):  176-179.  Abstract ( 834 )   PDF (1670KB) ( 973 )   Objective To summarize the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of patients with severe COVID-19. Methods Clinical data were reviewed in patients with severe COVID -19 diagnosed and treated in our hospital between January 27 and March 10 of 2020. Results Of the 5 patients with severe COVID-19, 2 were males and 3 females, aged between 47 and 65 years. Three patients were concomitant with underlying disease. Clinical signs and symptoms were characterized by fever, cough, expectoration, chest tightness, fatigue and diarrhea, with markedly decreased absolute count of lymphocytes and total number of eosinophils. The features of chest CT were indicated by multiple patchy shadows,peripherally distributed at bilateral lung fields. Antiviral therapy was applied to the 5 patients, in whom one patient received convalescent plasma infusion, and another one was given Tocilizumab therapy. All patients were cured and discharged. Conclusion Respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms are dominant in the 5 patients of severe COVID - 19, with significantly decreased lymphocyte and eosinophil. CT images are characterized by peripheral distribution of multiple patchy shadows at both lungs, and aggressive treatment can lead to better prognosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of syphilis infection in inpatients in a hospital in Wuhu City between 2014 and 2018 WANG Ping 2020, 18 (3):  180-183.  Abstract ( 619 )   PDF (1001KB) ( 1000 )   Objective To analyze the results of syphilis infection detected in a hospital between 2014 and 2018 for evidence to plan prevention and control measures. Methods The clinical data were collected from inpatients in our hospital undergone syphilis test between January 2014 and December 2018, and retrospectively analyzed. Results Totally, 73 648 inpatients received syphilis test in 5 years. Positive results were found in 2 144(2. 91% ) by TP-ELISA. Double positive serum (0.67% ) was seen in 494 inpatients tested by both TP-ELISA and TRUST. The infection was higher in males than in females,and the highest positive rate was observed in inpatients aged over 60 years. Additionally, the highest involvement was the Anorectal Department, followed by ICU, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Neurology Department and Ophthalomogy Department. TRUST titer≥1 ∶ 8 accounted for 33. 98% in patients aged 41~50 years. Conclusion Enhanced knowledge on and test of syphilis should be given to the inpatients, especially the elderly male patients, so that they can obtain early diagnosis and treatment. In addition, medical providers in the sections with higher rate of syphilis detected should practice better self-protection in order to reduce risks of occupational exposure. Related Articles | Metrics

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Diagnostic value of multiple indexes in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with early renal injury ZHU Zuo-fang, LIU Yin, WU Shan-shan 2020, 18 (3):  184-187.  Abstract ( 698 )   PDF (767KB) ( 1822 )   Objective To assess the diagnostic value of urine albumin / creatinine ratio(ACR), urine α1-microglobulin (α1-MG), urine β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and serum cystatin C (CysC) level in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) with early renal injury. Methods Totally, 108 patients with T2DM admitted to and treated in our hospital were included from May 2019 to January 2020, and divided into simple T2DM group(n =68, UAER <30 mg / 24h) and diabetic nephropathy group(n = 40, 30 mg / 24 h≤UAER <300 mg / 24 h) according to urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER). Another 30 healthy volunteers undergoing physical examination in the corresponding period were recruited as controls. The levels of urinary ACR, α1-MG, β2-MG and serum CysC were maintained and statistically analyzed. Receiver-operating characteristic(ROC) curve was mapped for evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of urinary ACR, α1-MG, β2-MG and serum CysC level in predicting early renal injury of diabetics by the area under curve (AUC). Results Patients in simple T2DM group and diabetic nephropathy group had higher level of urinary ACR, α1-MG, β2-MG and serum CysC than those of healthy controls(all P<0. 05). The urinary ACR,α1-MG, β2-MG and serum CysC levels were significantly higher in diabetic nephropathy group than in simple T2DM group(all P<0. 05). The AUC was 0. 923, 0. 851, 0. 755 and 0. 702, respectively for urinary ACR, α1-MG, β2-MG and serum CysC, and the sensitivity and specificity were 84. 4% , 75. 0% , 71. 9% and 62. 5% ; and 96. 4% , 85. 5% , 81. 8% and 67. 3% , respectively, for the four indicators described above. Conclusion Urinary ACR, α1-MG, β2-MG and serum CysC levels are important roles in early renal injury in patients of diabetes mellitus. Measurement of the four indicators can be conductive to early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy as well as reliable evidence for clinical estimation of such condition. Related Articles | Metrics

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Monitoring report on Oncomelania hupensis prevalence at Hanzhuang Ship Lock in the main canal of South-to-North Water Diversion Project from 2014 to 2018 MIAO Feng∗, YIN Yun-hong, XIANG Qiang, ZHAO Chang-lei, WANG Jing, LIU Xin, SHI Shi-jun 2020, 18 (3):  188-189,158.  Abstract ( 765 )   PDF (1313KB) ( 1052 )   Objective To understand whether the Oncomelania hupensis in the Yangtze River can be spread to water receiving areas in Shandong Province through the eastern route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Methods Monitoring points were set up at Hanzhuang Ship Lock in Weishan County from 2014 to 2018. Snail prevalence was monitored around the bottomland of the lock once a year in April. From May to October of each year, 2 to 3 ships from the Yangtze River were randomly chosen, once a month at the ship lock, to receive inspection of snails that were collected and identified for the species. Results Between 2014 and 2018, Oncomelania hupensis prevalence was investigated in spring seasons in a total of 8 000 m length of the bottomland, with an accumulative areas of 15 880 m2 and 1 515 frames (0. 11m2 / frame), No snail was found. Fifty-one heads of snails were captured in sampling inspection of the 63 ships, and identified just as freshwater snails instead of Oncomelania hupensis. Conclusion No imported Oncomelania hupensis was found at Hanzhuang Ship Lock in Weishan Lake area in the past 5 years after completion and operation of the water diversion project. However, some freshwater snails were carried with ships from the Yangtze River, which should call our attention. Related Articles | Metrics

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Nursing experience in one patient with severe COVID-19 treated with high-flow nasal cannula oxygen ZHU Jia-mei, HOU Wei-shun, QUAN Bin 2020, 18 (3):  190-192，168.  Abstract ( 664 )   PDF (1270KB) ( 1987 )   This article summarizes the diagnosis and nursing experience in one patient with severe COVID-19 received high-flow nasal cannula(HFNC) oxygen therapy. The authors concluded that HFNC was an effective strategy to improve respiratory distress and other symptoms in patients with severe COVID-19. Nursing process should consist of monitoring of the patient’s vital signs and oxygenation, and opportune adjustment of HFNC parameters by the arterial blood gas analysis and patient’s clinical picture. In addition, the patient should be provided with enough communication and humanistic care in order to timely improve his bad mood and early recovery. Related Articles | Metrics