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20 December 2022, Volume 20 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on the prevalence of scarlet fever based on SIRIMA model: a case study of Songjiang District, Shanghai GAO Gui-ling, LÜ Xi-hong, SUN Zhong-xing 2022, 20 (6):  301-306.  Abstract ( 438 )   PDF (2527KB) ( 679 )   Abstract: Objective   To establish a temporal prediction model for understanding the impact of COVID-19 on incidence of scarlet fever in Songjiang District of Shanghai. Methods   Scarlet fever cases in Shanghai area reported during 2011 and 2020 were retrieved from the data module of Infectious Disease Surveillance under the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control System. Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) was used to establish the forecasting model based on the number of monthly reported cases of scarlet fever between January 2011 and June 2019, and then the model was validated for the predicting efficacy in compliance with the real case numbers of scarlet fever from July to December of 2019. The optimal model was used to predict the occurrence of scarlet fever in 2020, and the impact of COVID-19 on the total number of scarlet fever in Songjiang District was analyzed. Results   In total, 4 438 cases of scarlet fever were reported in Songjiang District during 2011 and 2020. Averagely, 444 cases were annually reported, with an annual incidence rate of 23.27/100 000. The prevalence was represented in seasonal and bimodal distribution. The SARIMA (1,1,0)(2,1,1)12 model was eventually selected as the best-fit model out of the plausible models, with AIC, BIC and MAPE being 90.93, 105.93 and 7.68%. The residual test demonstrated a white noise sequence, and that the predicted value was basically in line with the actual value trend. A total of 94 cases of scarlet fever was identified in Songjiang District in 2020 due to the impact of COVID-19, which was 84.09% lower than expected value. Conclusion   The SARIMA model can fit the changing trend of scarlet fever cases in Songjiang District. And prevalence of scarlet fever tended to decrease sharply and be lower in Songjiang area in 2020 because of the impact from COVID-19.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological characteristics and prediction on the trend of epidemic mumps in Xiamen City from 2016 to 2021 LIN Yi-lan, ZHANG Yi-dun, GUO Zhi-nan 2022, 20 (6):  307-309,329.  Abstract ( 337 )   PDF (1113KB) ( 521 )   Abstract: Objective   To understand the epidemiological characteristics and trend of prevalence of epidemic mumps (EM) in Xiamen City. Methods   The data involved in the incidence of EM in Xiamen area were retrieved from the National Infectious Disease Surveillance System from 2016 through 2021, and the incidence rate by gender, age and time were calculated and analyzed. The annual mean percentage change (APC) was used to evaluate the trend of EM prevalence, and GM (1, 1) model was used to predict the incidence in the next three years. Results   A total of 2 332 cases of EM were reported in Xiamen from 2016 to 2021, with the incidence fluctuating between 3.99/100 000 and 13.60/100 000. The average incidence rate was 9.20/100 000, and males had higher incidence than females (10.98/100 000 vs. 7.27/100 000). The infection affected most in population aged between one to fourteen years (1 976 cases, 84.73%), in whom 1 727 were students and children in childcare facilities. There were two peaks in the case distribution in different months, with the highest incidence in May and in November. The incidence rate tended to decrease by 21.61% per year (t=-3.49, P<0.05). The average error between the predicted value and the actual value predicted by GM (1, 1) model was 11.14%, and the model indicated further decrease from 2022 to 2024. Conclusion   The incidence of EM in Xiamen tends to decrease, yet still remains relatively higher than the prevalence level of whole province, which suggests that vaccination and behavioral intervention should be strengthened. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation and analysis on the death of advanced schistosomiasis in Wuhan City from 2016 to 2020 ZHANG Jia-jing, XU Ming-xing, LUO Hua-tang, WANG Hao, LI Yang, XIONG Yue-lin, WANG Shuai, LIU Yi-jun 2022, 20 (6):  310-312,316.  Abstract ( 306 )   PDF (869KB) ( 485 )   Abstract: Objective   To understanded the epidemiological characteristics and causes of the death of advanced schistosomiasis in Wuhan City for evidence to plan targeted measures to improve the quality of life of such patients. Methods   The data associated with the general demographic information, diagnosis, treatment and cause of death was collected and analyzed in the death of advanced schistosomiasis in Wuhan area from 2016 to 2020. Results In total, 168 deaths (94 males, 74 females) of advanced schistosomiasis were reported from 2016 to 2020 in Wuhan. There were 147 clinical diagnosed cases and 21 confirmed cases. 127 cases were associated with ascites, 41 with other types, including 39 with splenomegaly and 2 with colon thickening. The mean age at diagnosis was (61.25±11.94) years, and the mean age at death was (70.56±10.21) years. 164 patients had at least one treatment. The causes of death were involved in 128 cases died of digestive system disorders, including liver cirrhosis in 68, ascites in 21, liver cancer in 16, gastrointestinal bleeding in 14 and other digestive system tumors in 9; other causes of death were 40, including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in 19, respiratory diseases in 2, other tumors in 4 and other conditions in 15. The difference was significant in disease duration among different types of diagnosed condition (Z=-3.06, P<0.05), in the age at diagnosis, the age at death and the disease duration among different clinical classifications (t=-5.33, t=5.11; Z=-3.97, all P<0.05) as well as in the disease duration and different causes of death (Z=-2.46, P<0.05). The disease duration was correlated with the age at diagnosis, patients with an earlier age at diagnosis had a longer disease duration (r=-0.463, P<0.05). Conclusion The lifetime of patients with advanced schistosomiasis in Wuhan City has been improved, yet advanced schistosomiasis complications are still the major health hazard and cause of death for such patients. The findings suggest that the policy of free lifesaving should be continuously adhered, and more attention to early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment should be paid for improving the quality of life of patients with advanced schistosomiasis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Luojiang District of Quanzhou City from 2011 to 2020 CAI Yong-cheng, JIANG Shao-bin, ZHANG Ping 2022, 20 (6):  313-316.  Abstract ( 321 )   PDF (1227KB) ( 624 )   Abstract: Objective   To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease(HFMD) in Luojiang District of Quanzhou City for evidence to plan scientific prevention and control measures for this prevalence. Methods   The data on HFMD in Luojiang District were retrieved from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2020 through the data of infectious disease reported in the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and descriptive statistical method was used to analyze the distribution characteristics of the time, area and population. Results   In total, 7 319 cases of HFMD were reported in Luojiang District between 2011 and 2020. Only one case was serious, yet no death occurred. The incidence rate was between 25.00 and 493.27 by 100 000 population, and the annual incidence was 324.14/100 000 population. The incidence rate tended to decrease year by year (χ2trend=118.98, P<0.05). The number of cases peak mainly occurred in spring and summer, followed by autumn. Cases of HFMD occurred in all streets/towns, including Wan'an Community (26.55%, 1 943/7 319), Majia Town (25.55%, 1 870/7 319) and Shuangyang Community (18.66%, 1 366/7 319), which accounted for 70.76% of the total incidence. There were 4 721 male cases and 2 598 female cases (male to female ratio: 1.82∶1). The cases were dominant in children living in the diaspora (69.95%, 5 210/7 319), followed by those in early childhood care (27.18%, 1 989/7 319). This disease was most frequent in children under 5 years, accounting for 91.57% of the total number of cases. Conclusion   HFMD represents periodic and seasonal changes in Luojiang Distrct, and are more prevalent in children under 5 years of age, suggesting that this group of children are needed to receive enhanced prevention and control of HFMD.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Public health emergencies in Dantu District of Zhenjiang City from 2010 to 2021 XIE Qin, WANG Tao, LI Zhi-wei, WU Jun 2022, 20 (6):  317-320.  Abstract ( 285 )   PDF (963KB) ( 625 )   Abstract: Objective   To understand the epidemiological features of public health emergencies at Dantu District of Zhenjiang City during 2010 to 2021, so as to improve the levels of prevention and ability to respond the emergency. Methods   The data involved in public health emergencies in Dantu District were collected from 2010 to 2021 through the Information System for China Disease Prevention and Control. The descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the event level, category, transmission route and three-dimension distribution, etc. Results   In total, 14 events of public health emergencies were reported in Dantu District between 2010 and 2021, which involved 589 cases, with an attack rate of 4.21% (589/13 992). The emergencies consisted of 6 general events (level Ⅳ, 42.86%), and 8 unclassified events (57.14%). All events were emergencies of infectious disease, in which 11 events were Class C infectious diseases (78.57%). The emergencies appeared primarily from March to June, during which 10 events were reported (71.43%), and another 4 events were reported between November and December (28.57%). The emergencies were dominant in rural villages (12 events, 85.71%) and schools (13 events, 92.86%). The median time was 7.63 days for the emergencies reported, the median duration was 12.48 days, and the events lasted longer with delayed report (rs=0.754，P<0.05). Conclusion   The public health emergencies in Dantu District of Zhenjiang City are mainly Class C infectious diseases. Our findings suggest that schools and rural areas should be taken as focal places to be monitored for early warning and effective prevention and control of the public health emergencies. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the newly discovered and reemerged Oncomelania hupensis in Guichi District, Chizhou City from 2016 to 2021 FENG Xiao-ming, KE Yong-wen, LIU Ze-xiang, DAI Jian-jun, LI Xiang-sheng, CHEN Man-hong, ZHAO Zheng-bin 2022, 20 (6):  321-324.  Abstract ( 312 )   PDF (850KB) ( 600 )   Abstract: Objective   To understand the status of newly discovered and reemerged Oncomelania hupensis in Guichi District, Chizhou City from 2016 to 2021 for evidence to formulate the plans for prevention and control of schistosomiasis. Methods   Snail monitoring was carried out in accordance with the Work Specifications for Schistosomiasis Elimination and Technical Specifications for Snail Investigation. Information on the existing snail environment, suspected snail breeding environment and historical snail environment in Guichi District was collected from 2016 to 2021, and the area, the number, live snail density, living frame occurrence rates of snails and regional characteristics of the newly and reemerging snail environments in Guichi District were analyzed. Results   From 2016 to 2021, the environmental areas of newly emerging snails in Guichi District were 71.61, 0, 0.52, 0, 13.00 and 180.56 hm2, and the environmental areas of reemerging snails were 82.27, 12.67, 8.48, 5.12, 28.50 and 291.59 hm2, respectively. The number of newly emerging snail environments was 12, 0, 2, 0, 2 and 24, and the number of reemerging snail environments was 29, 6, 25, 20, and 283, respectively, for the 6 years. Average living frame occurrence rate was 18.41%, 0, 21.58%, 0, 17.58% and 19.66% for the newly emerging snails, and 8.46%, 28.80%, 17.15%, 13.49%, 8.55% and 21.52%, respectively for the reemerging snails. The average living density was 0.42, 0, 2.62, 0, 0.97 and 0.91 snails /0.1 m2 for the of newly emerging snail environments, and 0.70, 1.01, 1.10, 1.65, 0.68 and 1.43 snails /0.1 m2, respectively for the reemerging snail environments. The newly emerging snail environments in Guichi District were primarily in the beach at the Yangtze River in Meilong Community, Jiangkou Community and Wusha Town, Qiupu River beach in Niutoushan Town and Yinhui Town. The reemerging snail environments were mainly in Qiupu River beach in Xinghua Village Community and Yinhui Town and Shengjinhu beach in Tangtian Town. Yangtze River, Qiupu River and Jiuhua River were the main water systems where the newly emerged snail environments were located. The river systems where the snail reappeared were mainly located were Qiupu River, Baiyang River and Shengjin Lake. Conclusion   In recent years, there has been different degree of snail diffusion in Guichi District every year. For the key areas where new or recurrent snails appear, targeted snail control measures should be taken in time to prevent the spread of snails and schistosomiasis.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Survey of Clonorchis sinensis infection in freshwater fish in some areas in Anhui Province  ZHU Hai, SUN Cheng-song, WANG Qi-zhi, HU Ming-chuang, ZHANG Le-sheng, ZHAO Lei, ZHANG Shi-qing 2022, 20 (6):  325-329.  Abstract ( 502 )   PDF (928KB) ( 663 )   Abstract: Objective   To understand the infection status of Clonorchis sinensis in freshwater fish in some areas in  Anhui Province for evidence in prevention and control of this trematode. Methods  Fresh water fish samples were collected from the fish farm, fish markets and catering industries located in Dangtu County, Hexian County, Jingxian County, Shouxian County, Suixi County, Taihe County and Lingbi County between 2019 and 2021. One sample is defined as a kind of freshwater fish obtained at different sampling time, sampling place and sampling link. The sampling quantity of each freshwater fish shall not be less than 500 g. The sample proportion of positive rate of Clonorchis sinensis in the collected samples was detected by digestive microscopy, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and analyzed. Results   Thirty-nine monitoring sampling sites for Clonorchis sinensis in freshwater fish were set up in Anhui Province between 2019 and 2021. In total, 298 freshwater fish samples were collected, including 51 species like Pseudorasbora parva, Abbottina rivularis, Hemiculter leucisculus, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis and Ctenopharyngodon idellus. From 2019 to 2021, the sample proportion of positive rate of Clonorchis sinensis in freshwater fish at monitoring sites in Anhui Province were 8.16% (8/98), 3.65% (5/137) and 7.93% (5/63) respectively. Clonorchis sinensis was detected in fresh water fish samples from 6 out of 7 counties investigated. The sample proportion of positive rate of Clonorchis sinensis in fresh water fish was higher in Dangtu County and Lingbi County, 11.54% (3/26) and 11.11% (2/18), respectively. Clonorchis sinensis was detected in the fresh water fish samples collected from fish farm, market and catering sectors. The sample proportion of positive rate was 7.81% (10/128), 5.77% (6/104) and 3.03% (2/66), respectively sampled from fish farm, market and catering sectors. There was no significant difference in the sample proportion of positive rate among the three sampling sectors (χ2=1.775, P＞0.05). The sample proportion of positive rate of Clonorchis sinensis was 12.14% (17/140) for small fish species, such as Pseudorasbora parva, Abbottina rivularis and Hemiculter leucisculus, and 0.60% (1/158) for other fish species. The difference was statistically significant (χ2=17.327, P<0.05). Conclusion   The sample proportion of positive rate of Clonorchis sinensis in freshwater fish is relatively higher in some areas in Anhui Province, and small species of fish are most hit. Following work should be focus on strengthening the monitoring of freshwater fish and supplying publicity and education on food safety in order to reduce the risk of Clonorchis sinensis infection in population. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation on pinworm infection in kindergarten children in Baota District of Yan'an City in 2021 WANG Xin, JIA Yi-bo, WANG Han, ZHAO Lin, CHEN Ting-yuan, SHI Zhuo-er, YAN Li-chun, XUE Ya-juan 2022, 20 (6):  330-332.  Abstract ( 293 )   PDF (848KB) ( 541 )   Abstract: Objective   To investigate the related factors affecting pinworm infection in kindergarten children in Baota District of Yan'an City for scientific evidence in prevention and treatment of the infection in children in this area. Methods   By random cluster sampling method, one kindergarten was randomly included from the five areas (determined by geographical location, i.e., the east, west, south, north and middle) of Baota District. All children in the sampled kindergarten underwent examination with the adhesive cellaphane-tape perianal swab method, and the factors affecting infections were analyzed via questionnaire survey on the personal hygiene habits of children, educational background and working conditions of their parents, and living conditions of the children. Results   A total of 1 166 children were examined, in whom positive results were identified in 32. The total infection rate of pinworm was 2.74%. The infection rate was 2.49% (14/562) and 2.98% (18/604), respectively for boys and girls, and the difference was insignificant (χ2=0.261, P>0.05). Infection rate was 3.24% (30/926) and 0.83% (2/240) for public kindergarten and private kindergarten, 0.52% (2/388), 2.56% (10/390) and 5.15% (20/388) for children in junior, middle and senior kindergarten, 1.32% (12/910), 4.20% (10/238) and 55.56% (10/18) for children with better, good or poor personal hygiene, and 1.85% (8/432), 2.69% (18/670) and 9.38% (6/64) for the children whose parents had secondary technical school education or above and stable job, parents had under secondary technical school education and stable job and parents had education under secondary technical school and unstable job, respectively. The infection rate was 0.89% (8/898), 4.20% (10/238) and 46.67% (14/30) respectively for children living in building of more stories, single-story building and cave-dwelling, and statistically varied in children in different kindergartens, grades, hygiene habits, parents' working conditions and living conditions (χ2=4.135, 15.629, 77.022, 11.840, 230.285, respectively, all P<0.05). Conclusion   Infection with pinworm in kindergarten children in Baota District of Yan'an City was declined in 2021 compared to previous years, and the infection rate is associated with the grade of children, type of kindergarten, personal hygiene habits, parents' educational level and work and living conditions.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Results of the vectors surveyed during the flood disaster in Ma'anshan City in 2020 MA Li, HOU Yin-xu, HOU Sai, CHEN Jian, SU Bin, HUANG Fa-yuan 2022, 20 (6):  333-335,341.  Abstract ( 254 )   PDF (831KB) ( 544 )   Abstract: Objective   To understand the density and distribution of the main vector organisms in Ma'anshan City during the flood disaster for scientific evidences to take corresponding effective measures against the infection. Methods   The density of mosquitoes, flies and rodents was investigated in the sites of temporary resettlement and villages where victims returned to and surrounding farmlands in Hanshan County and Hexian County with severe flood disasters in Ma'anshan City, and calculate the media density and path index. Results   The average density for mosquito was 34.27 captured by each lamp during the night. Culex tritaeniorhynchus were most seen, which accounted for 67.11% (253/377) of the total mosquitoes trapped. The route index for the mosquito was 2.40 places/km. Average density for the fly was 6.40/cage, with the highest in the farmer's market (11.33/cage). The rodents were not captured by night-trap method, and found in 9 places by tracks. The path index was 7.8/km. Conclusion   The density of vector organisms caused by flood disasters is at a high level in Ma'anshan City. The results suggest that it is necessary to pay attention to the prevention and control of vector organisms during the flood disaster and maintain the environmental sanitation after disaster. Related Articles | Metrics

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Re-annotation and analysis of mitochondrial tRNA genes of the Trouessartia rubecula (Acari: Analgoidea) SU Xuan, FANG Yu, FANG Ying, LIU Lu-Yao, LI Fei-Yan, FENG-Rui, CHU Ling-Miao, ZUO Ze-Tao, JIN Yue-Long, SUN En-Tao 2022, 20 (6):  336-341.  Abstract ( 358 )   PDF (1240KB) ( 899 )   Abstract：Objective   To verify whether there was tRNA gene loss in the mitochondrial genome of Trouessartia rubecula, on which process basis, a complete set of tRNA gene annotation process of mitochondrial genome in Astigmatina mites is proposed to provide a reference for the tRNA gene annotation of the mite mitochondrial genome. Methods   A series of tRNA annotation software, including MITOS, tRNAscan-SE, MITOS2 and ARWEN, were used in combination with manual sequence inspection, manual search,  and the minimum free energy (MFE) of possible secondary structures to verify the mitochondrial genome of Trouessartia rubecula. Results   The “deleted” genes of trnE, trnI and trnY in the mitochondrial genome of Trouessartia rubecula were successfully re-annotated based on the prediction results of MITOS and ARWEN combined with manual corrections. The trnA and trnV were found manually, and the re-annotated mitochondrial genome of Trouessartia rubecula indicated 22 tRNA genes. No loss of tRNA gene occurred. Conclusion   To obtain more accurate tRNA gene annotation results upon annotating mitochondrial genome in Astigmatina mites, tRNA gene prediction program should be widely used. And the prediction results of these programs should also be manually checked and corrected in order to reduce the bias caused by single program prediction and the annotation program prediction methods. Related Articles | Metrics

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Practice and consideration of teaching of Human Parasitology for the international students in China based on Ding Talk classroom DENG Sheng-qun, WU Xin-yu, DU Yi-nan, REN Cui-ping, ZHANG Chao, LIU Miao 2022, 20 (6):  342-345.  Abstract ( 391 )   PDF (848KB) ( 633 )   Abstract：Ding Talk classroom, a new mode of online teaching based on "Internet + Education", advocated by the Chinese education administration, possesses many unique advantages over other online teaching platforms. During the pandemic of COVID-19 throughtout the world, Anhui Medical University used Ding Talk platform for international students in teaching. This paper, based on the practice of Ding Talk classroom in teaching of Human Parasitology for the international students, summarized the advantages and problems of Ding Talk platform, and proposed some suggestions on reform of the online teaching, with an attempt to provide references for the online teaching of Human Parasitology for the international students in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in antiviral therapy for chronic kidney disease concomitant with HBV infection ZHANG Yue, LI Lei 2022, 20 (6):  346-351.  Abstract ( 263 )   PDF (856KB) ( 635 )   Abstract: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection represents a major public health problem worldwide, and is accountable for chronic kidney disease (CKD). There is a difference in drug selection and dosing of antiviral therapy in CKD patients at different stages of the renal conditions. This review briefly describes the correlation between HBV infection and CKD, and focuses on the selection and dose adjustment of antiviral drugs in patients with HBV infection concomitant with renal disease, as well as the measures to optimize treatment strategies in special cases such as virological breakthrough or persistent low level viremia (LLV). Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the influence of parasite on intestinal flora and host immune function ZHU Wei, GAO Lei-ming, LIU Hai-xia, MI Rong-sheng, LI Zong-jie 2022, 20 (6):  352-356.  Abstract ( 435 )   PDF (874KB) ( 2379 )   Abstract: The interactions among parasites, intestinal flora and hosts are intricate, and parasite infection can not only alter the host's intestinal flora through the secretions or excretions in direct fashion, but also regulate the functions of host immune cells and immune organs, further affecting the development and progression of immune disorders of the hosts. This paper primarily reviews the impacts of parasitic infection on the species diversity and community structure of host intestinal flora, as well as the effects of parasitic infection on the immune homeostasis and immune diseases of the hosts. In addition, the action mechanism of parasitic infection on host intestinal flora was investigated, with an attempt to provide a reference for the treatment of parasitic diseases on targeting intestinal flora basis. Related Articles | Metrics