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20 October 2022, Volume 20 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Consolidating the achievements of elimination and preventing re-establishment of transmission: Main challenges and priorities of malaria prevention and control in post-elimination era in China YIN Jian-hai, XIA Zhi-gui 2022, 20 (5):  241-244,299.  Abstract ( 406 )   PDF (835KB) ( 984 )   This article summarizes the epidemiological characteristics of malaria in China in recent years, and focuses on the main challenges from the burden of persistent imported malaria, re-establishment of transmission and severe and death risks, and maintenance of surveillance and response capacity after malaria elimination. It also puts forward targeted work suggestions from strengthening political leadership, improving the competency on malaria prevention and control, strengthening active surveillance and response of malaria in risk areas and populations, strengthening scientific and technological innovation and transformation, and deepening various cooperation, etc., so as to continuously consolidate the achievements of malaria elimination in China, and contribute to building a malaria-free world and jointly building a Global Community of Health for all.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation on the second intermediate host of Paragonimus and its infection in some areas of Minjiang River Basin JIANG Dian-wei, XIE Han-guo, LIN Chen-xin, LUO Jun, CHENG You-zhu 2022, 20 (5):  245-248.  Abstract ( 405 )   PDF (997KB) ( 862 )   Objective  To investigate the second intermediate host of Paragonimus and its cysticercosis infection in some areas of Minjiang River Basin, so as to provide evidence for the control of Paragonimus in the basin. Methods  Investigation on the second intermediate host of Paragonimus and its cysticercosis infection was carried out in the villages in the upper reaches, around the upper reaches and some areas in the middle of Minjiang River. The stream crabs captured were identified, from which the metacercariae were collected using double screen method, and microscopically examined to calculate the infection rate, infection degree and infection index of crab. Results  595 stream crabs were captured. The total infection rate of metacercariae was 36.81%, and the infection rate was 54.93% (78/142), 44.03% (59/134) and 25.71% (82/319) in the villages in the upper reaches, around the upper reaches and some areas in the middle of Minjiang River. The difference was significant in the three areas (χ2=39.96, P<0.05). The overall infection index was 5.90, and the infection rate of metacercariae was 13.47, 7.80 and 2.17, respectively for the three areas where were foci of high risks. Eight species of stream crabs were caught, in which 7 species were infected except Huananpotamon sheni. The infection rate was the highest in Sinopotamon jianglense (65.25%, 77/118) and B. youxiense (64.58%, 31/48). The difference was significant among the crab species (χ2=95.86, P<0.05). Three species of metacercaria of Paragonimus (Paragonimus westermani, P. skrjabini and Euparagonimus cenocopiosus) were microscopically identified. Conclusion  The infection rate of Paragonimus appears relatively higher in some areas of Minjiang River basin, which should call our attention, and effective measures be taken to prevent and control the infection in population.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the mobile surveillance results of soil-transmitted nematode infection in Quanzhou City from 2017 to 2021 WANG Qiu-yue, FAN Gui-sheng, CHEN Zhi-yang, WANG Wei-ming 2022, 20 (5):  249-252.  Abstract ( 314 )   PDF (430KB) ( 476 )   Objective  To understand the endemic status and the influencing factors of soil-transmitted nematode (STN) infection in Quanzhou City for data to support formulating of prevention and control measures. Methods  By the requirements specified in the National Surveillance Program for Liver Fluke Disease and STN (Trial document) and Surveillance Program for Human Key Parasitic Diseases of Fujian Province (Trial document), we established 30 mobile surveillance sites in the 30 administrative villages under Anxi County, Jinjiang City, Nan'an City, Shishi City, Yongchun County and Quangang District of Quanzhou City from 2017 to 2021, and collected the fecal samples from permanent residents over 3 years old living in mobile surveillance sites. Modified Kato-Katz thick smear (one sample for two tests) was used to microscopically count the parasite eggs, and the infection rate was calculated. The species of hookworms were identified by culture method (tubes with filter paper). Enterobius vermicularis infection was additionally detected among children aged 3 to 9 years old using cellophane anal swab. Results  In total, 6 021 people were surveyed from 2017 to 2021, which revealed infection with STN in 32, with a total infection rate being 0.53%. The infection rate of hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and E.vermicularis was 0.35%, 0.03% and 0.15% respectively. There were no mixed infection and Ascaris infection. There was significant difference in the infection rate among different regions, genders, ages and occupations (χ2=13.552, 5.170, 18.551, 18.073, respectively, all P<0.05). The highest infection rate was seen in females, population aged over 60 years and farmers. For population with different degree of education, the illiterate or semi-illiterate were the most affected, and the infection was free in population with degree of college or above. Anal swab tests in 1 042 children aged between 3 and 9 years showed that the infection rate was 5.95% (62/1 042), and the difference was significant in children from different districts (χ2=105.122, 16.950, both P<0.05), in which the infection rate was the highest in Jinjiang City. No infection was detected in Yongchun County. Children aged 6 years had the highest infection rate, yet the infection was free in children of 9 years. Conclusion  The prevalence of soil-transmitted nematodiasis remains at a low level in Quanzhou City from 2017 to 2021. The children and the left-behind elderly over 60, as a key population for the prevention and control of STN, should be continuously strengthened in surveillance and health education.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the surveillance results of influenza virus in Tongling City from 2015 to 2020 ZHANG Yi-hua, ZHU Tong-na, ZHOU Ma-yun, YE Meng, LI Cheng-bao, WANG Dao-fa, CAI Yi-hong 2022, 20 (5):  253-256,273.  Abstract ( 453 )   PDF (1462KB) ( 619 )   Objective  To understand the epidemic characteristics of influenza in Tongling City for evidence in prevention and control of influenza in this area. Methods  Data of influenza-like cases (ILI), together with surveillance data on the etiology and influenza outbreak in Tongling were collected from 2015 to 2020 through Chinese Influenza Surveillance Information System, and analyzed for the distribution of ILI and epidemiological characteristics, including the population with positive virus samples, time distribution and virus classification. Results  A total of 26 862 ILI cases were reported in 2 sentinel hospitals of Tongling from 2015 to 2020. ILI cases were dominated by children under the age of 5 (46.04%, 12 367/26 862).The average ILI% was 3.11% (26 862/862 671), with difference among years (χ2=941.478, P<0.05) . Eight peaks were observed in the monitoring year, primarily seen in winter and spring. In total, 8 490 case samples were collected, of which 1082 were positive (12.60%). The positive rate was 14.44% (586/4 059) and 11.19% (496/4 431) for males and females, respectively, and the highest in population aged between 5 and 14 years (22.41%, 322/1 437). The positive rate was relatively higher between 2017 and 2018 (20.63%, 255/1 236), and was different among genders, ages and years (χ2=20.038, 249.020, 941.478, respectively; all P<0.05). The dominant strains of influenza were differently epidemic in each surveillance year. Influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 virus and influenza A(H3N2) were prevalent, yet influenza B/Victoria and B/Yamagata were alternately prevalent in each surveillance year. A total of 20 influenza outbreaks were reported, all of which were in primary and secondary school students. Conclusion  The influenza usually waves in winter and spring seasons in Tongling City, and primarily affect population between 5 and 14 years of age. The results suggest that it is necessary to strengthen the vaccination of students before the epidemic peak and surveillance in key places. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary observation on the efficacy to check infection source of schistosomiasis by controlling wild rodents HE Jia-chang, TAO Wei, WANG Tian-ping, GAO Feng-hua, CHEN Xue-feng, XU Xiao-juan, Dai Bo, DING Song-jun, LIU Ting, LI Yi, WANG Hao, MAO Wei-fei, ZHANG Le-sheng, ZHANG Shi-qing 2022, 20 (5):  257-259,263.  Abstract ( 412 )   PDF (847KB) ( 997 )   Objective  To observe the effect of field deratization combined with routine control measures to check the source of schistosomiasis in areas where wild rats are the main source of infection. Methods  Three endemic villages of schistosomiasis were selected in Shitai County. Among them, the experimental village (Jitan Village and Shiquan Village) underwent routine control measures in combination with field deratization once, and the control village (Xibai Village) only received routine control measures. After one year, the density of wild rats and schistosomiasis infection were evaluated. Results  The density of rats before and after deratization was 9.91% (75/757) and 4.99% (34/681) in Jitan Village, and 5.31% (32/623) and 3.28% (17/519) in Shiquan Village, respectively (χ2=12.362, P<0.001; χ2=2.756，P>0.05). The density of rats before and after control in Xibai Village (the control village) was 3.44% (20/582) and 4.45% (21/472), respectively. The difference was insignificant (χ2=0.715, P>0.05). The infection rate of wild rats before and after deratization was 36.00% (27/75) and 17.65% (6/34) in Jitan Village(the experimental village), 18.75% (6/32) and 11.76% (2/17) in Shiquan Village, 5.00% (1/20) and 14.29% (3/21) in Xibai Village, respectively. There was no significant difference in infection rates before and after intervention among the three villages (χ2=2.756, 0.050, 0.226, all P>0.05). Conclusion  In schistosomiasis endemic areas where wild rats are the main source of infection, field deratization is feasible to reduce the density of wild rats and the risk of schistosomiasis transmission in a short period of time, but the effect needs to be further evaluated. Related Articles | Metrics

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Seasonal distribution characteristics of 124 cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome comprehensively analyzed by concentration ratio and circular distribution YU Wan-feng, TAO Ji-chun, FAN Dong-qing, BU Xiang-xiang, SUN En-tao, YANG Jin-sun, WANG Wen-jie 2022, 20 (5):  260-263.  Abstract ( 479 )   PDF (972KB) ( 707 )   Objective  To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) and analyze the seasonal distribution characteristics, so as to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of this condition. Methods  Retrospective analysis was performed in laboratory confirmed cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College between July 2010 and September 2020. Concentration degree and circular distribution method were used to analyze the seasonal clustering strength of onset time. Results  The concentration of HFRS cases from 2010 to 2020 was M=0.54, indicating that the peak of HFRS was in seasonal fashion. The results of circular distribution analysis showed that the onset time of HFRS patients presented a bimodal distribution. The peak days of the total cases in spring and summer (main peak) as well as autumn and winter (second peak) were May 15 and January 7, respectively, and the peak days were April 4 to June 25 and December 3 to February 12 of the following year, respectively. The Watson-Williams test was used to analyze the differences of peak days and peak periods between male and female HFRS cases. The results showed that there was no significant difference in peak days and peak periods between spring and autumn (March-August) (F=3.28, P>0.05) and autumn and winter (September to February of the following year) (F=0.069, P>0.05). That is, there is no difference in the peak day and peak of HFRS between male and female case groups. Conclusion  The concentration degree and circular distribution method are advantageous to quantitatively and accurately calculating the actual peak day and peak interval of HFRS. The incidence time of 124 HFRS cases reported in our hospital was in seasonal fashion between 2010 and 2020, and the epidemic trend showed a double-peak type of main and sub-peak, with the main peak from April to June. The second peak was from December to February of following year.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the skill competition results of parasitic disease control professionals in Chongqing City in 2016-2021 CAI Jiao-jiao, XU Jing-ru, LI Zhi-feng, TAN Yan, XIANG Yao 2022, 20 (5):  264-269.  Abstract ( 254 )   PDF (916KB) ( 544 )   Objective  To evaluate the professional capacity of personnel in parasitic disease prevention and control in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Chongqing City in order to facilitate construction of the local institutions in parasitic disease prevention and control. Methods The personal information and competition results of all contestants participated in Chongqing Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control Technology Competition were collected from 2016 to 2021 except 2020 (cancelled due to COVID-19 epidemic). The competition consisted of theoretical examination and skill operation. SPSS 19.0 was used to statistically analyze the competition results, and U-test or H-test was used to compare the results of different contestants. Results  The participants were all from 38 districts (counties) within Chongqing City. Between 2016 and 2021, the number of participants was 73, 73, 78, 76 and 84 respectively. Female constants were more than male ones in each year, and the academic titles were generally junior professionals. The working areas were primarily in the regions directly under jurisdiction of Chongqing. In 2016, only personnel from disease control institutions participated in the competition. In 2017, personnel from medical institutions began to participate in the competition. By 2021, the number of participants from medical institutions exceeded that of those from disease control institutions for the first time. From 2016 to 2021, the median of total scores of competitors was 83.50, 77.00, 88.00, 81.00 and 94.95 respectively, and the median scoring on skills and theory was 34.00, 31.00, 36.00, 26.00 and 40.40; and 47.00, 45.00, 50.50, 53.00 and 55.25 respectively. Comparison of the total scores and scoring on the theory and skills in different groups in 2016 showed that female contestants had higher scoring on theoretical tests and operational skills using Kato-Katz technique than that of males. The difference was significant (U=753.50, 775.50, both P<0.05). The theoretical scores of the contestants from municipal districts were higher than those from counties under municipal jurisdiction, with statistical difference (U=379.50, P=0.04). In 2018, contestants from municipal districts had higher scores on the theory than those from counties under municipal jurisdiction (U=410.00, P=0.03). In 2019, female contestants scored higher on production of microscopic specimens for plasmodium detecting than the male contestants (U=775.50, P=0.01). In 2021, the total scores of personnel with middle and senior academic titles and the results of malaria microscopy were higher than those of personnel with primary and lower academic titles (H=6.65, 6.81, both P<0.05), and the results of malaria microscopic examination were better in contestants from hospitals than those from CDC (U=1 134.00, P=0.02). Conclusion The theoretical knowledge and ability of specimen production are generally better in the contestants from parasitic disease control institutions in Chongqing City, yet the skills in microscopic examination of helminths and plasmodium need improving. The professionals at grass-root organizations are supposed to be strengthened in boosting their capacity in parasitic disease control. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of abdominal percutaneous cholecystostomy in acute cholecystitis in patients with advanced schistosomiasis hepatica LIU Min, ZHAI Da-ming, TANG Wei-zhong, ZHAO Yi-wen 2022, 20 (5):  270-273.  Abstract ( 377 )   PDF (919KB) ( 487 )   Objective  To assess the value of percutaneous cholecystectomy (PC) in the treatment of acute cholecystitis in patients with advanced schistosomiasis. Methods  The clinical data, including the time consumed in intubation, the time of clinical symptom remission and catheter retained, were collected and analyzed in 17 patients with advanced schistosomiasis complicated with acute cholecystitis treated in our hospital between January 2016 and January 2021. The serum related inflammation and liver function indexes before and 72 hours after the operation were compared and analyzed. Results  Puncture and catheterization was successful at one time. Catheterization consumed (14.1±4.3) min. Remission of the clinical symptom was (54.2±9.8) h, and the catheter was retained for (19.0±5.4) d. Preoperative serum inflammatory indicators, including leukocyte count, percentage of neutrophil, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, procalcitonin and interleukin-6 were 20.6 (18.2，23.7)×109 /L, (81.2±12.4)%, (140±15) mg/L, (0.46±0.13) ng/mL and (176±25) pg/mL, respectively. The above serum related inflammatory indicators were 13.2(11.5，16.6)×109/L, (69.9 ± 15.8)%, (81±14) mg/L, (0.34 ± 0.12) ng/mL and (135 ± 25) pg/mL, respectively, at 72 h after operation. The difference was significant compared to those before operation (Z =-3.962; t =2.261, 14.259, 3.592, 6.432, respectively, all P<0.05). Major preoperative liver function related indicators, including alanine aminotransferase γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, aspartate aminotransferase, serum total bilirubin, and serum total protein were 52.0 (30.0, 85.5) U/L, 62.5 (40.0, 83.3) U/L, 43.0 (21.0, 59.0) U/L, 19.9 (15.5, 30.4) μmol/L and (54.0 ± 9.7) g/L, respectively. At 72 h after operation, the main indexes related to liver function were 51.0 (28.3, 80.5) U/L, 58.0 (38.5, 84.5) U/L, 41.9 (19.5, 50.0) U/L, 16.1 (14.7, 25.7) μmol/L, and (68.4 ± 10.3) g/L, respectively. Compared with those before operation, the differences in serum total bilirubin and serum total protein were statistically significant (Z =-2.150; t =3.603, all P<0.05). Conclusion  The intraperitoneal PC is safe and effective for patients with advanced schistosomiasis complicated with acute cholecystitis, and has a positive impact on the late treatment of such patients. Related Articles | Metrics

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First paragonimiasis was identified in Yanshan County, Yunnan Province YANG Zi-qiang, LI Xing-yan, ZI Jin-rong, WANG Min, FU Peng 2022, 20 (5):  274-275,280.  Abstract ( 337 )   PDF (977KB) ( 796 )   The paper reports the first case of paragonimiasis in Yanshan County, Yunnan Province. It was initially misdiagnosed as chronic schistosomiasis, yet confirmed as Paragonimiasis after epidemiological and etiological studies. The purpose of this report was aimed at improving the knowledge of local medical staff on paragonimiasis and providing guidance to clinical diagnosis of this entity. Related Articles | Metrics

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Practice and consideration of ideological and political case teaching in curriculum of  Human Parasitology ZHAO Jin-hong, TANG Xiao-niu, GUO Jun-jie, LIU Ting 2022, 20 (5):  276-280.  Abstract ( 464 )   PDF (832KB) ( 1554 )   In order to achieve the three-in-one education concept of "knowledge imparting, ability training, and value shaping", this paper, just based on teaching of the general introduction section of Human Parasitology as an example, intends to discuss how to incorporate the teaching content into patriotism education, practice of international friendly cooperation, understanding of the national prevention and control policy and dialectical materialism, cultivate the national self-confidence, great love spirit, innovative consciousness and dialectical thinking of the students, and to investigate the path of implementing curriculum ideology and politics in the course of Human Parasitology for how to educate the students through learning of the professional knowledge and ideological and political theory, stimulate the patriotic feelings of students, and carry forward the national spirit with patriotism as the core in the course learning. Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration and practice of on-site teaching on schistosomiasis in ideological and political education of Human Parasitology ZHU Hong-gang, DENG Wei-wen, GUAN Fei, LIU Wen-qi, LEI Jia-hui 2022, 20 (5):  281-283,294.  Abstract ( 468 )   PDF (446KB) ( 974 )   Curriculum ideological and political education is the key content of current college teaching work. Based on the characteristics of the course of human parasitology and the geographical advantages of the college, the teaching team of human parasitology of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology carried out in-depth field teaching of schistosomiasis japonica, and fully integrated ideological and political education into the course. The teaching contents included demonstrating the progress of schistosomiasis control in China, showing infested water monitoring experiments with sentinel mice, exploring breeding sites of Oncomelania hupensis and visiting special hospitals for schistosomiasis treatment. On-site teaching integrated instruction of the knowledge with ability cultivation and value shaping, and the effect of ideological and political education was achieved. This article sorts out and summarizes the exploration and practice process of on-site teaching, and provides reference for the ideological and political teaching of medical curriculum. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on effect of virus infection on apoptosis YANG Xiao-meng, LUO Yu-si, ZHANG Ke 2022, 20 (5):  284-289.  Abstract ( 448 )   PDF (1013KB) ( 1637 )   Virus infection is in close relationship with apoptosis of the host. Apoptosis of the infected host cells plays critical roles in the defense of virus invading. The active apoptosis of the host cells leads to the death of infected cells and then the clearance of virus. Meanwhile, in order to replicate more vial progenies and complete the viral life cycle in the host cells, inducing or inhibiting the apoptosis in host cells by virus would result in the occurrence of related-diseases, for example the persistent infection and tumor. This paper primarily reviewed the relationship between viral infection and apoptosis, with an attempt to provide novel ideas for exploring the pathogenesis of viral infectious diseases and developing new antiviral agents. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in laboratory detection techniques for Paragonimus YANG Rong-sheng, WANG Tian-ping 2022, 20 (5):  290-294.  Abstract ( 337 )   PDF (506KB) ( 1097 )   Paragonimiasis is one of the important food-borne zoonotic parasitic diseases in China. Adult Paragonimus can cause serious damage to the lungs of the host. Therefore, it is very important to detect Paragonimus accurately and timely. At present, detection of Paragonimus still depends on good laboratory detection techniques, mainly including pathogenic examination, immunological examination and molecular biological examination. In this paper, the research progress of laboratory detection methods for Paragonimus was reviewed to provide reference for the diagnosis of paragonimiasis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the interaction between human helminth infection and intestinal flora ZHANG Yi-xin, ZHANG Ben-guang 2022, 20 (5):  295-299.  Abstract ( 307 )   PDF (859KB) ( 788 )   Human helminths interact with the intestinal flora and can affect human health directly or indirectly. In this paper, we focus on the relationship between the main helminths and intestinal flora, such as Trichinella spiralis, Trichuris trichura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, Clonorchis sinensis, and Schistosoma in order to provide new research ideas for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. Related Articles | Metrics