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10 March 2015, Volume 13 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Spatial monitoring and evaluation of the comprehensive intervention measures for control of schistosomiasis in model district around Dongting Lake Xia Meng, Ren Guanghui*, Yi Ping, Liu Zongchuan, Wei Wangyuan, Ding Liang, Hu Benjiao, Wang Huilan 2015, 13 (1):  6-8.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2015.01.003 Abstract ( 2290 )   PDF (417KB) ( 1902 )   Objective  To monitor and evaluate the comprehensive intervention measure for control of schistosomiasis in model district around Dongting Lake through GPS technology to track the spatial distribution and establish relevant map gallery library for supplying scientific evidence with schistosomiasis control on analysis of individual epidemic indicators basis. Methods  Based on Google earth, together with the enclosed drawing software with functions to describe the place marks, images and polygons in the website, spatial epidemic characteristics were characterized in the model district of schistosomiasis control around Dongting Lake. Results  The control target and achievement of intervention measures implemented in this area were clearly and spatially expressed in the Google earth electronic map. Conclusion  This monitoring platform can be easily established and convenient for use, which is favorable to consultation with the needs for long-term monitoring of schistosomiasis due to its distinct indications. Related Articles | Metrics

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Risk evaluation and intervention measures implemented before reaching the criterion of schistosomiasis transmission control in Hubei Province in 2013 Zhu Hong, Cai Shunxiang, Zhou Xiaorong, Tu Zuwu，Xiao Ying, Chen Yanyan，Li Bo, Liu Jianbing* 2015, 13 (1):  9-12,46.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2015.01.004 Abstract ( 2194 )   PDF (659KB) ( 1562 )   Objective  To prospectively conduct a risk evaluation and intervention prior to  reach the criterion of schistosomiasis transmission control in order to ensure our province can meet the specified target by the end of 2013. Methods  A risk evaluation and timely intervention was performed on field survey of snail presence and test of the stools from wild animals basis in 19 counties(including 140 snail habitats in 72 important epidemic villages) failed to meet the control target of schistosomiasis transmission in Hubei Province. Results  Of the 72 epidemic villages, 4 were in risk of level 1(5.55%), 13 in level 2(18.06%), and 55 in level 3(76.39). Timely intervention measures were compensated in villages with risk level 1 and 2. Conclusion  The risks affecting schistosomiasis transmission control target are generally at a low level in 19 counties in Hubei Province in 2013, and farm cattle should be major risk factors disturbing the achievement, for which the farm cattle are expected to be out of service as early as possible. Related Articles | Metrics

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Hygienic evaluation on the anti-fecal pollution treatment system in rural villages in schistosomiasis epidemic areas Xu Jiuquan, Zhou Fanchen, Yi Qibo, Gao Yimin, Li Yi，Tu Jianlin 2015, 13 (1):  13-15,38.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2015.01.005 Abstract ( 2612 )   PDF (438KB) ( 1385 )   Objective To investigate the efficacies of three-squared septic tank and anti-fecal pollution treatment system in killing schistosome eggs and capacity to treat the domestic sewage. Methods Schistosome eggs obtained from the infected rabbits were respectively placed in the three-squared septic tank and anti-fecal pollution treatment system in the first tank, then were taken and hatched at day 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 40, respectively for counting the miracidia. The wastewater was taken from the outlet of experimental reservoir A and B, respectively, and determined for the treatment effect and discharge value pertaining to chemical oxygen demand(COD), total phosphorus(TP) and total nitrogen(TN) by level B standard specified in “GB18918-2002 Discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plants”. Results Inactivation of the eggs required 15 days for the "standard eggs" and "fecal residual eggs" in the reservoir A, and 15 days for "standard eggs" and 20 days for "fecal residual eggs”in reservoir B. By the GB18918-2002 discharge standard, the index of COD, TP and TN in the sewage obtained from the three-squared septic tank were seriously beyond the specific standard, whereas the index for the three factors in the anti-fecal pollution treatment system were up to the standard in three tests. Conclusion Although both treatment techniques can thoroughly kill the schistosome eggs, yet anti-fecal pollution treatment system can be biologically efficacious in removing COD, TP and TN in the domestic sewage, leading to its discharge meeting the standard of level B in GB18918- 2002. Related Articles | Metrics

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Assessment on the schistosomiasis endemic status in surveillance sites in Hanchuan City from 2009 to 2014 Zhang Zhihai, Chen Yanyan, Fang Rong, Yu Bin, Xiang Ruideng，Liu Jianbing* 2015, 13 (1):  16-18,25.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2015.01.006 Abstract ( 2423 )   PDF (501KB) ( 1724 )   Objective  To assess the schistosomiasis endemic status in the surveillance sites in Hanchuan City for scientific evidence for prevention and control of local schistosomiasis. Methods  Surveillance over the schistosomiasis endemic was performed from 2009 through 2014 in separate sites in Hanchuan city in compliance with the Surveillance Protocol Across Hubei Province. Results  The infection rate of Schistosoma japonicum was declined by 73.30%(from 1.76% in 2009 to 0.47% in 2014), and no single cattle infection occurred in 6 years of period. The density and rate of infected snails were both decreased by 100%. Conclusion  The data from the surveillance sites show that the schistosomiasis endemic is effectively controlled in Huachuan city. In order to lay a foundation for complete interruption of the transmission of schistosomiasis in this area, enhanced surveillance is necessary in our following targets. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the factors affecting health literacy on schistosomiasis prevention in population living in plateau mountainous areas of Yunnan Province Li Ping1, Chen Feng2, Li Wenbao1, Chen Shaorong2, Li Binggui1* 2015, 13 (1):  19-22.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2015.01.007 Abstract ( 2373 )   PDF (422KB) ( 1595 )   Objective  To understand the factors affecting acquisition of health literacy on schistosomiasis prevention and control in population living in the plateau mountainous endemic areas of Yunann Province. Methods  By random sampling, we conducted a questionnaire survey on the villagers, aged from 6 to 65 years old, living in the plateau and canyon basin with endemic schistosomiasis in two administrative villages of Xidian and Moguang in Jingdun of Heqing County in order to understand their knowledge level of and attitudes towards and behavior against schistosomiasis prevention and control. Indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test was applied to all subjects for informative status of infection with schistosomiasis. Results  Villagers without history of schistosomiasis infection had higher correct response rate on knowledge towards schistosomiasis prevention and control, and better practiced feeding livestock in captivity than their counterparts. The percentage, with regard to the conception of ‘contacting-the-infected-water-can-catch-schistosomiasis’, ‘cattle-can-transmit-schistosomiasis’ and ‘good-practice-to-feed-domestic-animals-in-captivity’, was higher in annual family income equal or over 1 500 RMB yuan, equal or over 3 000 RMB yuan(for the latter two items),respectively. The population with junior middle school education or above had better knowledge towards schistosomiasis, transmission of this disease by cattle and health related risk factors of schistosomiasis. The experience of vegetable planting and grass cutting in the same year of our survey was highly associated with population with only primary schooling or above, and those with junior middle school education were better knowledgeable on schistosomiasis prevention. In addition, illiteracy had higher percentage in subjects with a history of schistosomiasis. Conclusion  Development of social economic and educational levels may affect the health literacy on schistosomiasis prevention and control in population living in the plateau mountainous endemic areas. This suggests that planning the preventive strategies and measures shall be commensurable with the local social economic status, and it is also a issue worthy of serious consideration in coming policy making in specific endemic area. Related Articles | Metrics

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Systematic field survey on the snail density by space sectioning method Chen Mei1, Peng Xiaowu2*, Zhang Huaming1, Liu Xiong1, Liu Jun1, Li Xia1, Zhang Xia1, Cui Caixia1 2015, 13 (1):  23-25.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2015.01.008 Abstract ( 2383 )   PDF (441KB) ( 1603 )   Objective  To explore advantages and disadvantages in systematically surveying the Oncomelania snail density by space sectioning approaches for improve the efficiency and reducing the costs in snail survey.  Methods  Liaodi village and Xiongdi village in Jiangling County were chosen as the pilot site, and the areas with presence of snails were initially spaced into 50m and 10m by 500m, and surveyed with systematic sampling method. GPS was applied to determine the starting and ending point within the natural environment decided.  The obtained snails were crushed to detect the infectious ones with cercaria shedding method. Then the average density of living snails and occurrence rate of frames with snails were calculated, and two different survey methods were compared for determining the effectiveness and efficiency. Results  A total of 39 sections were surveyed in the two villages. Systematic sampling of 2 584 frames by 10 m space revealed that the average density of living snails was 2.0406pcs/0.1m2. This consumed 209 hours in finishing tasks. Contrarily, sampling of 539 frames by 50 m space demonstrated an average density of living snails of 2.6067pcs/0.1m2, which consumed 73 hours of work that was three times as much as that of the former method. The difference was not significant regarding the snail status detected in the same space with diverse approaches(χ2=4.667, P>0.05). Conclusion  Space sectioning method for surveying the density in a typical environment with snail existence can reduce the labors and improve the work efficiency, as well as authentically reveal distribution of snails in specific surroundings. Related Articles | Metrics

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Assessment on the outcomes of integrated schistosomiasis control measures implemented from 2009 to 2013 in Gongan County, Hubei Province Xu Zhaogang1, Wang Youbing1, He Zhengwen1, Cai Shunxiang2, Tu Zuwu2,Liu Jianbing2, Zhu Hong2* 2015, 13 (1):  26-29.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2015.01.009 Abstract ( 2190 )   PDF (555KB) ( 1751 )   Objective  To assess the outcomes of integrated schistosomiasis controls measures implemented from 2009 through 2013 in Gongan county of Hubei Province for evidences in following consultation with the mission after reaching the control criteria. Methods  Data on the endemic status and implementation of integrated measures in Gongan county were initially collected and reviewed from 2009 to 2013. Then three administrative village with a history of endemic schistosomisis were randomly selected for comprehensive evaluation of the control efficacies through field survey on the status of local population infection and cattle infection as well as snails. Results  By joint efforts from authorities of public health, agriculture, forestry and water conservancy in 5-year implementation of the control measures, schistosoma infection rate was brought from 2.75% in 2009 to 0.69% in 2013(decreased by 74.91%) for local population, and 2.41% to zero(decreased by 100%) for the livestock/cattle. No acute infection case with schistosomiais was reported in consecutive 5 years, and no infectious snails were found in 2012 and 2013. Conclusion  The control effects are remarkable in Gongan county in the past 5 years, however, consolidated measures and surveillance are needed because current endemic condition remain unstable. Related Articles | Metrics

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Surveillance results of soil-transmitted nematode disease in Lingbi County from 2011 to 2013 Ma Chao1, Jin Wei2*, Shang Jun1△, Liu Yunzhang1 2015, 13 (1):  30-32,22.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2015.01.010 Abstract ( 2292 )   PDF (442KB) ( 1490 )   Objective  To investigate the prevalence and severity of soil-transmitted nematode infections in Lingbi County as well as endemic patterns and influencing factors for supplying scientific strategies with prevention and management of this infection. Methods Modified Kato-Katz thick smear technique was used to determine Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms from the stool samples(one stool specimen-three slides) collected from 1 000 local villagers of Lingbi County in yearly manner. Other parasite species, if detected, were registered as well. Another 15 soil samples were collected for microscopic examination on the presence of tapeworms. Results  A total of 3 000 persons were subjected to stool detection from 2011 to 2013. The average infection rate in the 3 years was 13.3%, 7.0% and 6.8% respectively. The infectiosity was mild in general, and the infection was primarily involved in ancylostomiasis. The major species found in the soil was Ancylostoma duodenale. Conclusion  Lingbi County falls into class 2 endemic area, and the infectiosity for infected people is generally mild. Related Articles | Metrics

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Decline and growth trend analysis of Oncomelania hupensis distribution in hilly mountain areas of Jiangning District from 2004 to 2013 Xie debing1, Zhou Yun2*, Tao Kang1, Zhang Jun1, Chen Donghui1, Wang Zhimei2, Zhang Biao2 2015, 13 (1):  33-35.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2015.01.011 Abstract ( 2242 )   PDF (396KB) ( 1173 )   Objective  To investigate and analyze the characteristics of Oncomelania hupensis distribution in the hilly and mountain areas in Jiangning district  for the evidence to plan the strategy for transmission interruption in this area. Methods  Retrospective analysis was performed on the data summarized from the work reports on schistosomiasis control in Jiangning district between 2004 and 2013, with respect to the changes of infected areas with snails in different years and the snail index in mountainous endemic region in 10 years. Results  The snail-ridden areas in the hilly mountain areas in Jiangning district were 760.4562 hm2 in history, and were decreased from . The areas were decreased gradually, from 23.3765hm2 in 2004 to 10.3025hm2 in 2013, and the average annual decline was 5.59%. The average density of snails was decreased from 23.38hm2 in 2004 to 10.30hm2 in 2013, with an average decrease of 5.59% by each year. Snail density was also decreased from 0.7362 snail/frame in 2004 to 0.03 snail/frame in 2013. No infected snails were found except for one emerging snail region and two reemerging snail regions, which only amounted to a total area of 0.56hm2. Conclusion  Snail infected area and snail density tend to decline in the hilly mountain areas in Jiangning district. In order to achieve the target of transmission interruption, following control of schistosomiasis should be focused on these area. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation and analysis of awareness rate of malaria knowledge in primary and middle school students in Yangzhong City Wu Rongfeng，Xiao Min, Xu Hongmei 2015, 13 (1):  36-38.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2015.01.012 Abstract ( 2283 )   PDF (421KB) ( 1612 )   Objective  To investigate the awareness rate of malaria knowledge in primary and middle school students in Yangzhong City. Methods  By stratified random sampling, we conducted a sample questionnaire survey in the primary and middle school students on their knowledge towards malaria. Results A total of 432 people were investigated, and 57.18% responded correctly to six or more questions in general. The awareness rate concerning malaria transmission , important symptoms, typical clinical manifestations, methods for diagnosis of malaria, the classification and hazards of malaria, treatment of malaria, options for medication, prevention strategies, eradication of the mosquitoes and World Malaria Day was 54.17%, 58.8%, 85.65%, 59.03%, 54.4%, 96.76%, 45.83%, 25%, 62.5% and 37.96%, respectively. Conclusion  Primary and middle school students in Yangzhong city needs improving on their knowledge towards awareness of malaria, especially those from primary schools in rural areas. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the risk factors for simple obesity in children from community kindergartens in Shanghai     Ji Xiaohong, Ye Hong, Zhang Fangying, Xie Chenjie, Yue Hua 2015, 13 (1):  39-42.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2015.01.013 Abstract ( 2219 )   PDF (480KB) ( 1680 )   Objective  To investigate the risk factors for simple obesity in children from community kindergartens in Shanghai City in order to supply scientific evidence for prevention and management of this condition on community basis. Methods  A total of 490 children, aged 3 to 6 years from 3 separate community kindergartens, were subjected to obesity screening by measuring their height and weight. Forty-eight children were finally screened as simple obesity, and another 48 healthy children were included as case-controls. The two groups of children were provided with 24-hour dietary nutrition for consecutive 3 days, received questionnaire response, including their family information as well as living styles and behaviors. The data obtained were double entry into the computer and analyzed with a specific statistical software for child health monitoring. Results  The average obesity rate in children was 9.80% (48/490), in which 10% were boys and 9.62%, girls. Simple obesity appeared more prevalent in children aged 5 to 6 years, yet its severity was primarily mild(58.33%). The major risk factors were associated with dietary nutrition, individual dietary habits, family genetic and lack of exercises. Conclusion  The simple obesity rate in children from Hongmei community seems over the average level of Shanghai City. The risk factors for prevalence of simple obesity in these kindergartens are associated with excessive intake of nutritional foods, lack of regular exercise, family genetic and daily favor to meat. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical effects of comprehensive nursing intervention on relieving anxiety of elderly patients with coronary heart disease Chang Haiyan 2015, 13 (1):  43-46.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2015.01.014 Abstract ( 1957 )   PDF (465KB) ( 1779 )   Objective  To investigate the effects of comprehensive nursing intervention on modifying the depressed mood for elderly patients with coronary heart disease(CHD). Methods  Ninety elderly CHD patients were included from 2012 to 2014, and randomized into observational group and control group(n=45 for each). The control group only received conventional nursing and therapy, and the observational group were provided with comprehensive nursing intervention besides the conventional care. Patients in the two groups were followed up after discharge and surveyed with questionnaire response concerning the recognition on CHD, changes in life style and modification of anxiety. Results  Patients in the observational group improved a lot in recognition on CHD, life style, health conditions and mental state. Poor life styles and diet habits, including smoking (>5/d), lack of exercise, alcohol drink(> 30g / d), intake of high fat food and high salt intake were modified by 85.7%, 91.6%, 87.5%, 83.3% and 88.6%, respectively, compared to 26.4%, 56.7%, 64.1%, 43.9% and 63.8% in the control group. Forty patients(88.8%) in the observational group were found free of any anxiety or with mild anxiety, whereas the number is 33(73.3%)in the controls, the difference was significant (P <0.05 ). Conclusion  Comprehensive nursing intervention can aid the elderly CHD patients to develop healthy living styles and relieving their anxiety as well as other negative emotions, and finally improve the quality of life and health state of such patients. Related Articles | Metrics