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10 September 2016, Volume 14 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Preliminary evaluation of an indirect hemagglutination assay kit on early diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica Sun Chengsong, Zhang Lesheng, Zhu Hai, Wang Yue, Wang Fengfeng, Zhou Li, Yin Xiaomei, Wang Qizhi, Zhang Shiqing, Wang Tianping 2016, 14 (3):  125-127,132.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2016.03.001 Abstract ( 1764 )   PDF (489KB) ( 2036 )   Objective To preliminarily evaluate an indirect hemagglutination(IHA) assay kit for early diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica. Methods Rabbit models were infected with Schistosoma japonicum. The sera were collected from infected and non-infected rabbits on week 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively, after infection, and subjected to detection using IHA assay kit and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) based on the antigen X (X-ELISA). Then the two methods were compared regarding the outcomes in early diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica. Results IHA assay kit revealed 0% positive serum from non-infected rabbits and from infected rabbits in the 1st and 2nd week after infection and 100% positive results from the 3rd week after infection. Contrarily, X-ELISA indicated false positive rate of 30.77% in the sera of non-infected rabbits, and 0% and 16.67% positive results in the 1st and 2nd week after infection, and 100% positive results by the 3rd week. The difference was not significant regarding the positive rate measures at the same time point by two techniques(P>0.05). Conclusion IHA assay kit has potential value in early diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica. Related Articles | Metrics

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Applying infrared detection technology to detecting the physiological temperature of snails Xia Meng, He Hongbin*, Li Guangping, Zhou Jie, Liu Zongchuan, Ding Liang, Wang Huilan 2016, 14 (3):  128-132.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2016.03.002 Abstract ( 1683 )   PDF (694KB) ( 1023 )   Objective  To identify the possibilities of detecting physiological temperature of snails based on the theory of thermal radiation and infrared temperature measurement principle. Methods  The conditions for snail temperature measurement with thermal imager were initially determined in laboratory setting, then the infrared thermal imager was used to scan the snails under diverse detection conditions. Individual thermal imaging point was set and photographed for examining the properties of snail temperature through calculation of the tested results. Results  Physiological temperature showed normal distribution by (0.21±0.14)℃ under the ambient temperature at 25.5℃ and humidity in 51%. Living and dead snails had different rate of temperature change. Body surface humidity, fluid secretion and motion state were factors affecting the physiological temperature changes in snails. Yet, the age had no significant effect on the physiological temperature change of snails. Conclusion  Infrared imaging technology can be accurate, quick, safe and efficient tool for detecting snail temperature, and this technique may supply a theoretical basis for measuring the temperature changes in dead or live snails without invasion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the distribution of Oncomelania hupensis snails in the marshlands at the middle reaches of Yangtze River along Junshan area after full operation of the Three Gorges Project Xu Runyao1, Cao Jian1, Hu Benjiao2, Li Yiyi2, Ren Guanghui2* 2016, 14 (3):  133-136.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2016.03.003 Abstract ( 1545 )   PDF (587KB) ( 883 )   Objective  To investigate the changes of Oncomelania hupensis snails in the marshlands at the middle reaches of Yangtze River along Junshan area, Hunan Province, after the Three Gorges Project being completed and fully functional. Methods  Longitudinal monitoring on the snail prevalence was performed in the four distinctive marshlands, and corresponding data were collected on the changes of water levels and silt contents at the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River before and fully functional Three Gorges Project. Results  The marshlands with snail distribution and areas of marshlands were reduced by 74.77% and 72.56%, respectively, from 2003 to 2015. The density of live snails was decreased by 97.20% and infected snails were not found in 2015. Conclusion  The areas with snail prevalence and snail distribution as well as average density of living snails and infected snails tend to decline in general at the middle reaches along Junshan area of Hunan Province after the Three Gorges project becoming fully functional. Related Articles | Metrics

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Endemic status of schistosomiasis in Anhui Province in 2015 Gao Fenghua, Zhang Shiqing, Wang Tianping, He Jiachang, Xu Xiaojuan, Li Tingting, Zhang Gonghua, Wang Hao 2016, 14 (3):  137-140,136.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2016.03.004 Abstract ( 1804 )   PDF (862KB) ( 1670 )   Objective  To analyze the endemic status of schistosomiasis in 2015 and epidemiological trend of schistosomiasis in recent years in Anhui Province. Methods  The data on schistosomiasis prevalence were collected and analyzed in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2015. Results  By the end of 2015, schistosomiasis was reported in 9 cities, including 51 counties and districts. However, 23 counties/districts reached the criteria of transmission interruption, and 28 the criteria of transmission control. In 2015, 1.765 million population were subjected to blood screen and 0.024 million to stool sample screen, which revealed positive results in 24 537 and 10 individuals, respectively. A total of 5 684 advanced schistosomiasis cases were reported, yet there was no local cases of acute infection. The estimated cases were 8904. A total of 17 408 cattle were screened in 35 542 cattle being raised in the endemic areas, only 11 were found with eggs of Schistosomiasis japonicum, and the average infection was 0.07% in cattle. The areas infested with Oncomelania hupensis were 27144 hm2, in which 39.17 hm2 were associated with resurgence. No infected snails were found in 2015. The infection rate in humans and cattle, incidence rate of acute schistosomiasis and areas with infected snails tended to decline since 2004, with a decrease of 84.3%, 97.0%, 100% and 100%, respectively. The areas with snail distribution were fluctuated between 0.271 billion m2 and 0.310 billion m2. Conclusion  The schistosomiasis transmission appears to decline in Anhui Province in 2015, yet the transmission risks still exist in some areas. Strengthened prevention and surveillance is essential for following goal in schistosomiasis transmission interruption or even elimination of the schistosomiasis in Anhui areas. Related Articles | Metrics

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Laboratory diagnosis on three cases of imported Plasmodium ovale wallikeri infection in Chongqing in 2015 Tan Yan, Li Zhifeng, Lin Hua, Zhou Yang, Xu Jingru 2016, 14 (3):  141-144.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2016.03.005 Abstract ( 1426 )   PDF (631KB) ( 1256 )   Objective  To analyze the laboratory processes in detecting the antigen and DNA for diagnosis of three imported cases of Plasmodium ovale wallikeri infection in order to reduce the misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis of tertian malaria in humans. Methods  Epidemiological information and blood samples were collected from the three patients, and the blood samples were detected by microscopy, Rapid Diagnostic Test（RDT）and nested PCR according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Malaria(WS259-2006). Results  The three patients were returned workers from Africa, with a history of malaria. Microscopic examination indicated positive blood film for the three cases, and RDT eliminated Plasmodium falciparum infection. Nested PCR for detecting the DNA in Plasmodium ovale wallikeri by using specific primers also indicated positive results. Conclusion  Three cases of Plasmodium ovale wallikeri infection were identified by combined confirmation with microscopy, RDT and gene sequencing. These are the first imported tertian malaria in Chongqing in 2015. Related Articles | Metrics

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Hatching Fasciola eggs at room temperature and experimental infection in Physa acuta with Fasciola miracidia Chen Feng, Zhao Yinjao, Yang Hui, Duan Yuchun, Liu Yuhua, Luo Tianpeng 2016, 14 (3):  145-148.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2016.03.006 Abstract ( 1643 )   PDF (802KB) ( 1458 )   Objective  To observe the results of hatching Fasciola eggs with triangle flask at room temperature and to experimentally test the infection status of Physa acuta with Fasciola miracidia. Methods  Active Fasciola eggs were initially isolated from the cxcreta of cattle fed in Dali area of Yunan province, and incubated by two groups(group A and B). Incubation water was daily refreshed in group A, and was not in group B. The hatching results were observed in two groups. Results Fasciola miracidia were hatched at average water temperature of 24℃ by the thirteenth day in two groups.The miracidia were more in production and easy observation in group A, whereas miracidium production was fewer and observation was harder due to liquid opacity. Full hatching of the miracidia consumed 20 to 30 days in two groups. Physa acuta were not infected with Fasciola miracidia. Conclusion  Fasciola eggs can be hatched into miracidia with triangle flask at above 22℃ in room condition during summer seasons. Daily change of the water deprived of chlorine may lead to favorable incubation and visual observation of the miracidia. Free use of incubator may reduce the cost, which is worthy of recommendation at basic level or field study. In addition. Our findings indicate that Physa acuta is not the suitable intermediate host for Fasciola, suggesting that Physa acuta infection needs further investigation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the epidemic status of schistosomiasis in Nanjing City from 2004 to 2015 Yin Weigang, Gao yuan, Qiu ling, Xie Chaoyong 2016, 14 (3):  149-151.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2016.03.007 Abstract ( 1580 )   PDF (401KB) ( 1066 )   Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of the medium-and-long-term program of prevention and control of schistosomiasis in Nanjing City from 2004 to 2015, so as to provide evidences for following strategies in prevention and control of schistosomiasis. Methods  The data were collected and statistically analyzed on the endemic schistosomiasis in Nanjing City from 2004 to 2015. Results  Areas with snails tended to decline in general throughout Nanjing after 2004, with a decline rate of 63.54%(decrease to 1 713.88hm2 in 2015 from 4 700.25hm2 in 2004). The decrease of infected snails was significant, and no positive snail habitats were detected in Nanjing area after 2009. Dipstick dye immunoassay(DDIA) indicated that the population infection was dropped to 0.88% in 2015 from 4.04% in 2004, and no acute schistosomiasis occurred in 10 years. There was no positive case by stool examination since 2008(exclusive in 2012), and no livestock infection after 2006. By 2015, seven of 11 administrative counties and districts under Nanjing City reached the criteria for transmission interruption of the schistosomiasis, and 4 counties and districts were up to the criteria of schistosomiasis infection control. Conclusion  The endemic situation in Nanjing City has been effectively controlled through comprehensive measures for control of the snail prevalence and infectious sources, suggesting that the medium-and-long-term program has been well fulfilled. Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological analysis of local malaria transmission in Tengchong City from 2000 to 2015 Wang Jiazhi1, Yin Shouqin1, Li Shenguo1, Li Xishang1, Feng Jun2 2016, 14 (3):  152-154.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2016.03.008 Abstract ( 1588 )   PDF (436KB) ( 1168 )   Objective  To analyze the trends of local malaria transmission in Tengchong City from 2000 to2015 for evidences to plan scientific strategies in elimination of this disease. Methods  The data of malaria prevalence was collected in Tengchong City from 2000 to 2015, and analyzed with Microsoft Excel 2010. Results  In 2000 and 2015, a total of 239 cases of malaria infection were reported in Tengchong City, in which 170(71.13%) were associated with Plasmodium vivax infection, 67(28.03%) with P. falciparum, 1 with P. malariae and another 1 with mixed infection(Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum). The patient’s age ranged from 1 month to 78 years old, and the male to female ratio was 1.85 to 1. Farmers and migrant workers were mostly affected. The peak prevalence was in between June and July, with most affected cases in June(41.88%, 124/239). Conclusion  Local malaria transmission in Tengchong City involves mixed P. vivax and P. falciparum besides simple P. malariae infection, and P. vivax is the most infection. Malaria transmission is generally low and distributed in different regions. There is no local infection reported since 2013. Related Articles | Metrics

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Time series study on the association of daily meteorological factors with mortality of cardiovascular disease in Guangzhou from 2012 to 2013 Dong Hang, Li Xiaoning, Liu Huazhang, Lin Guozhen, Li Yan, LiI Ke 2016, 14 (3):  155-159.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2016.03.009 Abstract ( 1596 )   PDF (820KB) ( 1199 )   Objective To investigate the association of daily meteorological factors with mortality of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Guangzhou city in order to provide scientific evidence for official authorities in medical meteorological forecast and in planning prevention and intervention strategies. Methods According to the daily CVD mortality statistics and meteorological data obtained from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2013 in Guangzhou city, we investigated the relationship between daily meteorological factors, including daily mean atmosphere pressure, temperature(mean, maximal and minimal), relative humidity, rainfall, mean wind velocity and sunshine time, and mortality of CVD by using a distributed lag nonlinear model(DLNM) on ruling out the confounding factors basis. Results The daily deaths from CVD in Guangzhou city tended to increase in the past years, and the death was associated with daily mean atmosphere pressure, temperature, wind velocity, humidity, rainfall and sunshine time(all P<0.05). Daily mean air pressure was positively correlated with wind velocity(r>0), yet the temperature (mean, maximal and minimal), relative humidity and rainfall were negatively related to sunshine(r<0). Maximum RR was 1.051(95%CI:1.026-1.076) at the mean pressure being 1019hPa and lagged days of 30, and maximum RR, 1.036 (95%CI:1.024-1.048) at mean temperature being 6℃and lagged day of 6 to 8. Conclusion Health education is recommended in the residents in Guangzhou city and preventive measures to challenge the climate changes are necessary, because meteorological factors may lead to lagged effects on the mortality of cardiovascular disease. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation and analysis of the soil-borne helminth infection in human population in Taihe county in 2015 Zhang Xicai1, Zhang Yong2, Li Chungui1, Li Yongzhong1, Zhang Yongjun1, Ruan Zibin3 2016, 14 (3):  160-162.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2016.03.010 Abstract ( 1674 )   PDF (488KB) ( 1114 )   Objective  To understand the epidemic status the important parasitic diseases in human population in Taihe county for scientific evidence to plan preventive and control strategies. Methods  By the profile of 2014 National Survey on Current Status of the Important Parasitic Diseases in Human Population, we conducted a random survey on the human population living in three sampling spots(2 administrative villages and a community). Stool samples were collected and examined with modified Kato-Katz thick smear technique(one stool specimen for two slides). Results  In a total of 841 individuals included, soil-borne helminth infection was identified in 10(1.19%), including hookworm eggs in 7(0.83%) and pinworm eggs in 3(0.36%). No Clonorchis sinensis infection was found. The infection was primarily detected in farmers, females, middle-aged population and population with lower educational background living in rural villages. Conclusion  Infection rate of soil transmitted nematode diseases appears generally low in human population in Taihe county, and Clonorchis sinensis infection is free in township citizens. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the evolution of Toxoplasma gondii based on CiteSpace analysis Zhang Guangming, Cao Zhiguo, Li Qiyang, Xu Mei, Wang Yujie, Zhang Cheng, Huang Yinyin, Liu Daohua, Xu Mei, Wang Tianping 2016, 14 (3):  163-167.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2302.2016.03.011 Abstract ( 1777 )   PDF (667KB) ( 1336 )   Objective  To map and interpret the progressive knowledge domain visualization of global Toxoplasma gondii in recent years for macroscopic understanding the development and evolution features of this species. Methods  Co-citation analysis was performed using CiteSpace tool to map progressive knowledge domain through retrieving literatures from Web of Science, published from 1999 to 2012 using Toxoplasma gondii and toxoplasmosis as descriptors. Results  Eight major research fields, including genotyping, evasion strategy, field epidemiology, immunology as well as individual evolution, current research interests and 17 key pivot literature after 1980s were shown clearly in the visualization maps. Conclusion  Progressive knowledge domain visualization based on CiteSpace can present the structure and individual evolution feature of Toxoplasma gondii as well as its  emerging trends, which has great implications for researchers and decision-makers in planning earlier management strategies for this species in scientific and macroscopic manner. Related Articles | Metrics