2005—2025年我国重点蚊媒传染病死亡病例流行特征分析

doi:10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2026.03.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的了解我国重点蚊媒传染病死亡病例的流行特征，为蚊媒传染病防控提供参考。方法收集2005—2025年中国疾病预防控制信息系统中全国报告的登革热、疟疾和流行性乙型脑炎（简称乙脑）死亡病例数据，采用描述流行病学方法分析其时间、地区、人群分布特征以及发病、诊断、死亡的时间间隔。结果 2005—2025年，全国共报告登革热、疟疾和乙脑病例431 542例，死亡2 312例，死亡病例数整体波动下降。其中，登革热152 739例，死亡15例（病死率为0.01%）；疟疾239 371例，死亡361例（病死率为0.15%）；乙脑39 432例，死亡1 936例（病死率为4.91%）。时间分布上，登革热死亡病例集中在8—10月（占86.67%）；疟疾死亡病例无明显季节性特征；乙脑死亡病例集中在6—9月（占96.07%）。地区分布上，登革热死亡病例以广东省最多（11例，占73.33%），疟疾死亡病例以云南省最多（93例，占25.76%），乙脑死亡病例以贵州省最多（284例，占14.67%）。人群分布上，登革热死亡病例集中在40岁及以上年龄组（13例，占86.67%），主要为家务及待业（4例，占26.67%）、离退人员（3例，占20.00%）；疟疾死亡病例中，男性远多于女性（11.03∶1），集中在30~59岁年龄组（274例，占75.90%），农民（126例，占34.90%）、民工（56例，占15.51%）和工人（53例，占14.68%）占比较高；乙脑死亡病例集中在0~9岁年龄组（1 112例，占57.44%），散居儿童（765例，占39.51%）、农民（474例，占24.48%）、学生（409例，占21.13%）占比较高。三种疾病发病至死亡时间间隔中位数均为7天。结论我国重点蚊媒传染病死亡病例总体呈下降趋势，登革热死亡呈偶发、少发特征，疟疾和乙脑死亡得到有效控制。建议针对重点蚊媒传染病持续加强监测预警、媒介控制、病例救治及健康宣教，以进一步减轻蚊媒传染病的死亡危害。

关键词: 蚊媒传染病, 登革热, 疟疾, 乙脑, 死亡病例, 流行特征

Abstract:

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of fatal cases associated with major mosquito-borne infectious diseases in China for a reference for prevention and control of this infection. Methods Data on fatal cases of dengue fever, malaria and Japanese encephalitis (JE) reported in China from 2005 to 2025 were collected from the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive epidemiology was applied to analyze the temporal, regional and demographic distribution characteristics of these deaths, as well as the time intervals between disease onset, diagnosis, and death. Results From 2005 to 2025, a total of 431 542 cases of dengue fever, malaria, and JE were reported nationwide, including 2 312 fatal cases. Overall, the number of deaths showed fluctuating downward trend. Fifteen deaths occurred in the 152 739 cases of dengue fever (case fatality rate: 0.01%), and 361 and 1 936 deaths were from 239 371 cases of malaria (case fatality rate: 0.15%) and 39 432 cases of JE (case fatality rate: 4.91%), respectively. By temporal distribution, the deaths involved in dengue fever were dominant from August to October (86.67%), yet the deaths from malaria showed no obvious seasonality. The deaths caused by JE were mostly from June to September (96.07%). By regional distribution, the highest number of deaths from dengue fever, malaria and JE were reported respectively in Guangdong Province (11 cases, 73.33%), Yunnan Province (93 cases, 25.76%) and Guizhou Province (284 cases, 14.67%). In terms of demographic characteristics, dengue fever deaths were predominantly observed in the age group of 40 years and older (13 cases, 86.67%), mainly consisting of house workers and unemployed individuals (4 cases, 26.67%) and retirees (3 cases, 20.00%). Male-to-female ratio was up to 11.03∶1 for the deaths from malaria, and the cases were mostly seen in the age group of 30-59 years (274 cases, 75.90%), with farmers (126 cases, 34.90%), migrant workers (56 cases, 15.51%) and industrial workers (53 cases, 14.68%) constituting the top three in terms of occupational proportions. Deaths from JE were concentrated in the 0-9 years group (1 112 cases, 57.44%), dominated by children living at home (765 cases, 39.51%), farmers (474 cases, 24.48%) and students (409 cases, 21.13%). The median interval from onset to death was 7 days for all three infections. Conclusion Overall, the number of fatal cases of major mosquito-borne infectious diseases in China exhibited a downward trend. Deaths from dengue fever were sporadic and rare, and mortality associated with malaria and JE has been effectively reduced. It is recommended that, in light of the epidemiological characteristics of major mosquito-borne infectious diseases, efforts be continuously strengthened in surveillance and early warning, vector control, case management and treatment as well as health education, in order to further reduce the mortality burden posed by these diseases.

Key words: Mosquito-borne infectious diseases, Dengue fever, Malaria, Japanese encephalitis, Fatal cases, Epidemiological characteristics

中图分类号:

R183.5

岳玉娟, 赵春春, 任东升. 2005—2025年我国重点蚊媒传染病死亡病例流行特征分析[J]. 热带病与寄生虫学, 2026, 24(3): 129-134,148.

YUE Yujuan, ZHAO Chunchun, REN Dongsheng. Epidemic characteristics of deaths from major mosquito-borne infectious diseases in China, 2005-2025[J]. Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology, 2026, 24(3): 129-134,148.

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