上海市城区家猫弓形虫感染及传播风险的定性评估

doi:10.20199/j.issn.1672-2302.2025.01.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的分析上海市城区家猫弓形虫释放、暴露和传播的风险因素，评估弓形虫在家猫群体中的感染和传播风险。方法查阅文献并结合上海市动物疫病预防控制中心监测的弓形虫感染数据，构建家猫弓形虫感染风险评估框架，根据危害识别结果和家猫感染弓形虫风险因素分析，绘制弓形虫在家猫群体中传播的情景树，从释放、暴露和后果等三个步骤对家猫弓形虫感染及传播风险进行定性评估。结果上海市城区家猫弓形虫释放的风险因素为“猫的来源”，释放评估的风险水平为“中”；暴露风险因素与饲养方式、饲喂生肉/动物内脏、猫犬同养、逃逸和狩猎行为等有关，暴露评估的风险水平为“高”；上海市城区居民健康素养较高，科学养宠意识较强，后果评估的风险水平为“低”。根据不同步骤之间的风险组合矩阵，上海市家猫弓形虫感染和传播的风险为“低”。结论上海市城区家猫具备弓形虫释放、暴露的环境条件，存在导致人感染弓形虫病的潜在风险，但风险水平总体较低。

关键词: 家猫, 弓形虫, 风险因素, 定性风险评估, 传播风险, 上海市

Abstract:

Objective To assess the risks of infection and transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic cats in urban Shanghai through analysis of the risk factors for the release, exposure and transmission of this obligate intracellular protozoan the domestic cats in urban households. Methods The risk assessment framework of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic cats was constructed by reviewing the literature reports and monitoring from Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center. Based on the results of hazard identification and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the domestic cats, the scenario tree of Toxoplasma gondii transmission in domestic cats population was analyzed and mapped. Finally, the risks of Toxoplasma gondii infection and transmission in the domestic cats were qualitatively characterized by potential pathogen release, exposure and consequences. Results The risk factor of Toxoplasma gondii release in domestic cats in urban Shanghai was “cat source”, and the risk level of pathogen release was rated as “medium”. Exposure risk factors were related to feeding methods, feeding raw meat/animal offal, co-ownership of cats and dogs, escape and hunting behavior, for which the risk level of exposure was rated as “high”. The residents in urban Shanghai area exhibited higher health literacy, stronger awareness to scientifically raise pets, for which the risk level of consequences was graded as “low”. According to the risk combination matrix between different steps, the risk of infection and transmission of Toxoplasma gondii was “low” in the domestic cats in urban Shanghai. Conclusion Domestic cats in urban Shanghai are provided with the environmental conditions for toxoplasmosis release and exposure, which are potential risks for human infection with toxoplasmosis, yet the risk level is generally low.

Key words: Domestic cats, Toxoplasma gondii, Risk factors, Qualitative risk assessment, Transmission risk, Shanghai

中图分类号:

R531.8

夏炉明, 盛文伟, 吴秀娟, 常晓静, 李增强, 陈琦, 杨显超, 朱晓英, 陈伟锋, 朱亭仪, 范玉凤, 王建, 杨德全, 刘健, 赵洪进. 上海市城区家猫弓形虫感染及传播风险的定性评估[J]. 热带病与寄生虫学, 2025, 23(1): 53-59.

XIA Luming, SHENG Wenwei, WU Xiujuan, CHANG Xiaojing, LI Zengqiang, CHEN Qi, YANG Xianchao, ZHU Xiaoying, CHEN Weifeng, ZHU Tingyi, FAN Yufeng, WANG Jian, YANG Dequan, LIU Jian, ZHAO Hongjin. Qualitative risk assessment of Toxoplasma gondii infection and transmission in domestic cats in urban Shanghai[J]. Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology, 2025, 23(1): 53-59.

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前种评估步骤风险水平	后种评估步骤风险水平
前种评估步骤风险水平	极高	高	中	低	极低	可忽略
极高	极高	高	中	低	极低	可忽略
高	高	高	中	低	极低	可忽略
中	中	中	中	低	极低	可忽略
低	低	低	低	低	极低	可忽略
极低	极低	极低	极低	极低	极低	可忽略
可忽略	可忽略	可忽略	可忽略	可忽略	可忽略	可忽略

猫的来源	因素分析	风险等级
正规宠物店繁育猫	正规宠物店传染病防控和消毒措施相对规范，售后服务好^[28]。大多数出售幼龄猫（月龄<3个月），幼猫活动范围小，有母源抗体保护，5月龄以下的猫感染弓形虫的风险低^[29]。	低
收养熟人的家猫	收养熟人的家猫能详细了解猫的年龄、饲养情况、健康状况等信息。根据上海市动物疫病预防控制中心监测数据，上海市家猫弓形虫抗体阳性率维持在较低水平^[30]，2022—2024年上海市城区家猫弓形虫抗体阳性率分别为3.0%（3/100）、2.6%（4/151）、2.5%（5/200）。	低
领养流浪猫	流浪猫长期在野外生存，食物不固定（如狩猎啮齿动物、鸟类，翻食垃圾桶获取食物等），游荡范围较大，接触弓形虫卵囊的概率高^[24]。	高
网上购买猫	网上购买猫价格相对较低，但来源不详，可能购入有传染病的猫。	中
农村或郊区猫	生活在农村或郊区的猫感染弓形虫风险较高^[31]。农村或郊区的猫更频繁地接触或捕食弓形虫的自然库，如卵囊污染的土壤、垃圾桶、携带弓形虫病原的动物^[32-33]，农村或郊区环境（土壤和水）中的弓形虫卵囊负荷往往更高^[32]；但猫的领域性较强，农村或郊区的猫自主进入城区的概率较小^[34]。	低